a fast, flexible machine learning library

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Download: current stable version (3.4.2)

mlpack is an intuitive, fast, and flexible C++ machine learning library with bindings to other languages. It is meant to be a machine learning analog to LAPACK, and aims to implement a wide array of machine learning methods and functions as a "swiss army knife" for machine learning researchers. In addition to its powerful C++ interface, mlpack also provides command-line programs, Python bindings, Julia bindings, Go bindings and R bindings.

mlpack uses an open governance model and is fiscally sponsored by NumFOCUS. Consider making a tax-deductible donation to help the project pay for developer time, professional services, travel, workshops, and a variety of other needs.

0. Contents

1. Introduction
2. Citation details
3. Dependencies
4. Building mlpack from source
5. Running mlpack programs
6. Using mlpack from Python
7. Further documentation
8. Bug reporting

1. Introduction

The mlpack website can be found at https://www.mlpack.org and it contains numerous tutorials and extensive documentation. This README serves as a guide for what mlpack is, how to install it, how to run it, and where to find more documentation. The website should be consulted for further information:

• mlpack homepage
• mlpack documentation
• Tutorials
• Development Site (Github)
• API documentation (Doxygen)

2. Citation details

If you use mlpack in your research or software, please cite mlpack using the citation below (given in BibTeX format):

@article{mlpack2018,
    title     = {mlpack 3: a fast, flexible machine learning library},
    author    = {Curtin, Ryan R. and Edel, Marcus and Lozhnikov, Mikhail and
                 Mentekidis, Yannis and Ghaisas, Sumedh and Zhang,
                 Shangtong},
    journal   = {Journal of Open Source Software},
    volume    = {3},
    issue     = {26},
    pages     = {726},
    year      = {2018},
    doi       = {10.21105/joss.00726},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00726}
}

Citations are beneficial for the growth and improvement of mlpack.

3. Dependencies

mlpack has the following dependencies:

  Armadillo      >= 9.800
  Boost (math_c99, spirit) >= 1.58.0
  CMake          >= 3.6
  ensmallen      >= 2.10.0
  cereal         >= 1.1.2

All of those should be available in your distribution's package manager. If not, you will have to compile each of them by hand. See the documentation for each of those packages for more information.

If you would like to use or build the mlpack Python bindings, make sure that the following Python packages are installed:

  setuptools
  cython >= 0.24
  numpy
  pandas >= 0.15.0

If you would like to build the Julia bindings, make sure that Julia >= 1.3.0 is installed.

If you would like to build the Go bindings, make sure that Go >= 1.11.0 is installed with this package:

 Gonum

If you would like to build the R bindings, make sure that R >= 4.0 is installed with these R packages.

 Rcpp >= 0.12.12
 RcppArmadillo >= 0.8.400.0
 RcppEnsmallen >= 0.2.10.0
 BH >= 1.58
 roxygen2

If the STB library headers are available, image loading support will be compiled.

If you are compiling Armadillo by hand, ensure that LAPACK and BLAS are enabled.

4. Building mlpack from source

This document discusses how to build mlpack from source. These build directions will work for any Linux-like shell environment (for example Ubuntu, macOS, FreeBSD etc). However, mlpack is in the repositories of many Linux distributions and so it may be easier to use the package manager for your system. For example, on Ubuntu, you can install the mlpack library and command-line executables (e.g. mlpack_pca, mlpack_kmeans etc.) with the following command:

$ sudo apt-get install libmlpack-dev mlpack-bin

On Fedora or Red Hat (EPEL):

$ sudo dnf install mlpack-devel mlpack-bin

Note: Older Ubuntu versions may not have the most recent version of mlpack available---for instance, at the time of this writing, Ubuntu 16.04 only has mlpack 3.4.2 available. Options include upgrading your Ubuntu version, finding a PPA or other non-official sources, or installing with a manual build.

Note: If you are using RHEL7/CentOS 7, gcc 4.8 is too old to compile mlpack. One option is to use devtoolset-8; see here for more information.

There are some useful pages to consult in addition to this section:

• Building mlpack From Source
• Building mlpack From Source on Windows

mlpack uses CMake as a build system and allows several flexible build configuration options. You can consult any of the CMake tutorials for further documentation, but this tutorial should be enough to get mlpack built and installed.

First, unpack the mlpack source and change into the unpacked directory. Here we use mlpack-x.y.z where x.y.z is the version.

$ tar -xzf mlpack-x.y.z.tar.gz
$ cd mlpack-x.y.z

Then, make a build directory. The directory can have any name, but 'build' is sufficient.

$ mkdir build
$ cd build

The next step is to run CMake to configure the project. Running CMake is the equivalent to running ./configure with autotools. If you run CMake with no options, it will configure the project to build with no debugging symbols and no profiling information:

$ cmake ../

Options can be specified to compile with debugging information and profiling information:

$ cmake -D DEBUG=ON -D PROFILE=ON ../

Options are specified with the -D flag. The allowed options include:

DEBUG=(ON/OFF): compile with debugging symbols
PROFILE=(ON/OFF): compile with profiling symbols
ARMA_EXTRA_DEBUG=(ON/OFF): compile with extra Armadillo debugging symbols
BOOST_ROOT=(/path/to/boost/): path to root of boost installation
ARMADILLO_INCLUDE_DIR=(/path/to/armadillo/include/): path to Armadillo headers
ARMADILLO_LIBRARY=(/path/to/armadillo/libarmadillo.so): Armadillo library
BUILD_CLI_EXECUTABLES=(ON/OFF): whether or not to build command-line programs
BUILD_PYTHON_BINDINGS=(ON/OFF): whether or not to build Python bindings
PYTHON_EXECUTABLE=(/path/to/python_version): Path to specific Python executable
PYTHON_INSTALL_PREFIX=(/path/to/python/): Path to root of Python installation
BUILD_JULIA_BINDINGS=(ON/OFF): whether or not to build Julia bindings
JULIA_EXECUTABLE=(/path/to/julia): Path to specific Julia executable
BUILD_GO_BINDINGS=(ON/OFF): whether or not to build Go bindings
GO_EXECUTABLE=(/path/to/go): Path to specific Go executable
BUILD_GO_SHLIB=(ON/OFF): whether or not to build shared libraries required by Go bindings
BUILD_R_BINDINGS=(ON/OFF): whether or not to build R bindings
R_EXECUTABLE=(/path/to/R): Path to specific R executable
BUILD_TESTS=(ON/OFF): whether or not to build tests
BUILD_SHARED_LIBS=(ON/OFF): compile shared libraries and executables as
    opposed to static libraries
DISABLE_DOWNLOADS=(ON/OFF): whether to disable all downloads during build
ENSMALLEN_INCLUDE_DIR=(/path/to/ensmallen/include): path to include directory
   for ensmallen
STB_IMAGE_INCLUDE_DIR=(/path/to/stb/include): path to include directory for
   STB image library
USE_OPENMP=(ON/OFF): whether or not to use OpenMP if available
BUILD_DOCS=(ON/OFF): build Doxygen documentation, if Doxygen is available
   (default ON)

For example, to build mlpack library and CLI bindings statically the following command can be used:

$ cmake  -D BUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF ../

Other tools can also be used to configure CMake, but those are not documented here. See this section of the build guide for more details, including a full list of options, and their default values.

By default, command-line programs will be built, and if the Python dependencies (Cython, setuptools, numpy, pandas) are available, then Python bindings will also be built. OpenMP will be used for parallelization when possible by default.

Once CMake is configured, building the library is as simple as typing 'make'. This will build all library components and bindings.

$ make

If you do not want to build everything in the library, individual components of the build can be specified:

$ make mlpack_pca mlpack_knn mlpack_kfn

If you want to build the tests, just make the mlpack_test target, and use ctest to run the tests:

$ make mlpack_test
$ ctest .

If the build fails and you cannot figure out why, register an account on Github and submit an issue. The mlpack developers will quickly help you figure it out:

mlpack on Github

Alternately, mlpack help can be found in IRC at #mlpack on chat.freenode.net.

If you wish to install mlpack to /usr/local/include/mlpack/, /usr/local/lib/, and /usr/local/bin/, make sure you have root privileges (or write permissions to those three directories), and simply type

$ make install

You can now run the executables by name; you can link against mlpack with -lmlpack and the mlpack headers are found in /usr/local/include/mlpack/ and if Python bindings were built, you can access them with the mlpack package in Python.

If running the programs (i.e. $ mlpack_knn -h) gives an error of the form

error while loading shared libraries: libmlpack.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

then be sure that the runtime linker is searching the directory where libmlpack.so was installed (probably /usr/local/lib/ unless you set it manually). One way to do this, on Linux, is to ensure that the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable has the directory that contains libmlpack.so. Using bash, this can be set easily:

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/usr/local/lib/:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH"

(or whatever directory libmlpack.so is installed in.)

5. Running mlpack programs

After building mlpack, the executables will reside in build/bin/. You can call them from there, or you can install the library and (depending on system settings) they should be added to your PATH and you can call them directly. The documentation below assumes the executables are in your PATH.

Consider the 'mlpack_knn' program, which finds the k nearest neighbors in a reference dataset of all the points in a query set. That is, we have a query and a reference dataset. For each point in the query dataset, we wish to know the k points in the reference dataset which are closest to the given query point.

Alternately, if the query and reference datasets are the same, the problem can be stated more simply: for each point in the dataset, we wish to know the k nearest points to that point.

Each mlpack program has extensive help documentation which details what the method does, what each of the parameters is, and how to use them:

$ mlpack_knn --help

Running mlpack_knn on one dataset (that is, the query and reference datasets are the same) and finding the 5 nearest neighbors is very simple:

$ mlpack_knn -r dataset.csv -n neighbors_out.csv -d distances_out.csv -k 5 -v

The -v (--verbose) flag is optional; it gives informational output. It is not unique to mlpack_knn but is available in all mlpack programs. Verbose output also gives timing output at the end of the program, which can be very useful.

6. Using mlpack from Python

If mlpack is installed to the system, then the mlpack Python bindings should be automatically in your PYTHONPATH, and importing mlpack functionality into Python should be very simple:

>>> from mlpack import knn

Accessing help is easy:

>>> help(knn)

The API is similar to the command-line programs. So, running knn() (k-nearest-neighbor search) on the numpy matrix dataset and finding the 5 nearest neighbors is very simple:

>>> output = knn(reference=dataset, k=5, verbose=True)

This will store the output neighbors in output['neighbors'] and the output distances in output['distances']. Other mlpack bindings function similarly, and the input/output parameters exactly match those of the command-line programs.

7. Further documentation

The documentation given here is only a fraction of the available documentation for mlpack. If doxygen is installed, you can type make doc to build the documentation locally. Alternately, up-to-date documentation is available for older versions of mlpack:

• mlpack homepage
• mlpack documentation
• Tutorials
• Development Site (Github)
• API documentation (Doxygen)

To learn about the development goals of mlpack in the short- and medium-term future, see the vision document.

8. Bug reporting

(see also mlpack help)

If you find a bug in mlpack or have any problems, numerous routes are available for help.

Github is used for bug tracking, and can be found at https://github.com/mlpack/mlpack/. It is easy to register an account and file a bug there, and the mlpack development team will try to quickly resolve your issue.

In addition, mailing lists are available. The mlpack discussion list is available at

mlpack discussion list

and the git commit list is available at

commit list

Lastly, the IRC channel #mlpack on Freenode can be used to get help.