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mfem/examples/ex10.cpp
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Veselin Dobrev 17955e1140 Merge pull request #3480 from mfem/ab-am-refactor 
New ode solver selection mechanism[ab-am-refactor]
2024-10-28 14:08:56 -07:00

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// MFEM Example 10
//
// Compile with: make ex10
//
// Sample runs:
// ex10 -m ../data/beam-quad.mesh -s 23 -r 2 -o 2 -dt 3
// ex10 -m ../data/beam-tri.mesh -s 23 -r 2 -o 2 -dt 3
// ex10 -m ../data/beam-hex.mesh -s 22 -r 1 -o 2 -dt 3
// ex10 -m ../data/beam-tet.mesh -s 22 -r 1 -o 2 -dt 3
// ex10 -m ../data/beam-wedge.mesh -s 22 -r 1 -o 2 -dt 3
// ex10 -m ../data/beam-quad.mesh -s 4 -r 2 -o 2 -dt 0.03 -vs 20
// ex10 -m ../data/beam-hex.mesh -s 4 -r 1 -o 2 -dt 0.05 -vs 20
// ex10 -m ../data/beam-quad-amr.mesh -s 23 -r 2 -o 2 -dt 3
//
// Description: This examples solves a time dependent nonlinear elasticity
// problem of the form dv/dt = H(x) + S v, dx/dt = v, where H is a
// hyperelastic model and S is a viscosity operator of Laplacian
// type. The geometry of the domain is assumed to be as follows:
//
// +---------------------+
// boundary --->| |
// attribute 1 | |
// (fixed) +---------------------+
//
// The example demonstrates the use of nonlinear operators (the
// class HyperelasticOperator defining H(x)), as well as their
// implicit time integration using a Newton method for solving an
// associated reduced backward-Euler type nonlinear equation
// (class ReducedSystemOperator). Each Newton step requires the
// inversion of a Jacobian matrix, which is done through a
// (preconditioned) inner solver. Note that implementing the
// method HyperelasticOperator::ImplicitSolve is the only
// requirement for high-order implicit (SDIRK) time integration.
//
// We recommend viewing examples 2 and 9 before viewing this
// example.
#include "mfem.hpp"
#include <memory>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
using namespace mfem;
class ReducedSystemOperator;
/** After spatial discretization, the hyperelastic model can be written as a
* system of ODEs:
* dv/dt = -M^{-1}*(H(x) + S*v)
* dx/dt = v,
* where x is the vector representing the deformation, v is the velocity field,
* M is the mass matrix, S is the viscosity matrix, and H(x) is the nonlinear
* hyperelastic operator.
*
* Class HyperelasticOperator represents the right-hand side of the above
* system of ODEs. */
class HyperelasticOperator : public TimeDependentOperator
{
protected:
FiniteElementSpace &fespace;
BilinearForm M, S;
NonlinearForm H;
real_t viscosity;
HyperelasticModel *model;
CGSolver M_solver; // Krylov solver for inverting the mass matrix M
DSmoother M_prec; // Preconditioner for the mass matrix M
/** Nonlinear operator defining the reduced backward Euler equation for the
velocity. Used in the implementation of method ImplicitSolve. */
ReducedSystemOperator *reduced_oper;
/// Newton solver for the reduced backward Euler equation
NewtonSolver newton_solver;
/// Solver for the Jacobian solve in the Newton method
Solver *J_solver;
/// Preconditioner for the Jacobian solve in the Newton method
Solver *J_prec;
mutable Vector z; // auxiliary vector
public:
HyperelasticOperator(FiniteElementSpace &f, Array<int> &ess_bdr,
real_t visc, real_t mu, real_t K);
/// Compute the right-hand side of the ODE system.
void Mult(const Vector &vx, Vector &dvx_dt) const override;
/** Solve the Backward-Euler equation: k = f(x + dt*k, t), for the unknown k.
This is the only requirement for high-order SDIRK implicit integration.*/
void ImplicitSolve(const real_t dt, const Vector &x, Vector &k) override;
real_t ElasticEnergy(const Vector &x) const;
real_t KineticEnergy(const Vector &v) const;
void GetElasticEnergyDensity(const GridFunction &x, GridFunction &w) const;
~HyperelasticOperator() override;
};
/** Nonlinear operator of the form:
k --> (M + dt*S)*k + H(x + dt*v + dt^2*k) + S*v,
where M and S are given BilinearForms, H is a given NonlinearForm, v and x
are given vectors, and dt is a scalar. */
class ReducedSystemOperator : public Operator
{
private:
BilinearForm *M, *S;
NonlinearForm *H;
mutable SparseMatrix *Jacobian;
real_t dt;
const Vector *v, *x;
mutable Vector w, z;
public:
ReducedSystemOperator(BilinearForm *M_, BilinearForm *S_, NonlinearForm *H_);
/// Set current dt, v, x values - needed to compute action and Jacobian.
void SetParameters(real_t dt_, const Vector *v_, const Vector *x_);
/// Compute y = H(x + dt (v + dt k)) + M k + S (v + dt k).
void Mult(const Vector &k, Vector &y) const override;
/// Compute J = M + dt S + dt^2 grad_H(x + dt (v + dt k)).
Operator &GetGradient(const Vector &k) const override;
~ReducedSystemOperator() override;
};
/** Function representing the elastic energy density for the given hyperelastic
model+deformation. Used in HyperelasticOperator::GetElasticEnergyDensity. */
class ElasticEnergyCoefficient : public Coefficient
{
private:
HyperelasticModel &model;
const GridFunction &x;
DenseMatrix J;
public:
ElasticEnergyCoefficient(HyperelasticModel &m, const GridFunction &x_)
: model(m), x(x_) { }
real_t Eval(ElementTransformation &T, const IntegrationPoint &ip) override;
~ElasticEnergyCoefficient() override { }
};
void InitialDeformation(const Vector &x, Vector &y);
void InitialVelocity(const Vector &x, Vector &v);
void visualize(ostream &os, Mesh *mesh, GridFunction *deformed_nodes,
GridFunction *field, const char *field_name = NULL,
bool init_vis = false);
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
// 1. Parse command-line options.
const char *mesh_file = "../data/beam-quad.mesh";
int ref_levels = 2;
int order = 2;
int ode_solver_type = 23;
real_t t_final = 300.0;
real_t dt = 3.0;
real_t visc = 1e-2;
real_t mu = 0.25;
real_t K = 5.0;
bool visualization = true;
int vis_steps = 1;
OptionsParser args(argc, argv);
args.AddOption(&mesh_file, "-m", "--mesh",
"Mesh file to use.");
args.AddOption(&ref_levels, "-r", "--refine",
"Number of times to refine the mesh uniformly.");
args.AddOption(&order, "-o", "--order",
"Order (degree) of the finite elements.");
args.AddOption(&ode_solver_type, "-s", "--ode-solver",
ODESolver::Types.c_str());
args.AddOption(&t_final, "-tf", "--t-final",
"Final time; start time is 0.");
args.AddOption(&dt, "-dt", "--time-step",
"Time step.");
args.AddOption(&visc, "-v", "--viscosity",
"Viscosity coefficient.");
args.AddOption(&mu, "-mu", "--shear-modulus",
"Shear modulus in the Neo-Hookean hyperelastic model.");
args.AddOption(&K, "-K", "--bulk-modulus",
"Bulk modulus in the Neo-Hookean hyperelastic model.");
args.AddOption(&visualization, "-vis", "--visualization", "-no-vis",
"--no-visualization",
"Enable or disable GLVis visualization.");
args.AddOption(&vis_steps, "-vs", "--visualization-steps",
"Visualize every n-th timestep.");
args.Parse();
if (!args.Good())
{
args.PrintUsage(cout);
return 1;
}
args.PrintOptions(cout);
// 2. Read the mesh from the given mesh file. We can handle triangular,
// quadrilateral, tetrahedral and hexahedral meshes with the same code.
Mesh *mesh = new Mesh(mesh_file, 1, 1);
int dim = mesh->Dimension();
// 3. Define the ODE solver used for time integration. Several implicit
// singly diagonal implicit Runge-Kutta (SDIRK) methods, as well as
// explicit Runge-Kutta methods are available.
unique_ptr<ODESolver> ode_solver = ODESolver::Select(ode_solver_type);
// 4. Refine the mesh to increase the resolution. In this example we do
// 'ref_levels' of uniform refinement, where 'ref_levels' is a
// command-line parameter.
for (int lev = 0; lev < ref_levels; lev++)
{
mesh->UniformRefinement();
}
// 5. Define the vector finite element spaces representing the mesh
// deformation x, the velocity v, and the initial configuration, x_ref.
// Define also the elastic energy density, w, which is in a discontinuous
// higher-order space. Since x and v are integrated in time as a system,
// we group them together in block vector vx, with offsets given by the
// fe_offset array.
H1_FECollection fe_coll(order, dim);
FiniteElementSpace fespace(mesh, &fe_coll, dim);
int fe_size = fespace.GetTrueVSize();
cout << "Number of velocity/deformation unknowns: " << fe_size << endl;
Array<int> fe_offset(3);
fe_offset[0] = 0;
fe_offset[1] = fe_size;
fe_offset[2] = 2*fe_size;
BlockVector vx(fe_offset);
GridFunction v, x;
v.MakeTRef(&fespace, vx.GetBlock(0), 0);
x.MakeTRef(&fespace, vx.GetBlock(1), 0);
GridFunction x_ref(&fespace);
mesh->GetNodes(x_ref);
L2_FECollection w_fec(order + 1, dim);
FiniteElementSpace w_fespace(mesh, &w_fec);
GridFunction w(&w_fespace);
// 6. Set the initial conditions for v and x, and the boundary conditions on
// a beam-like mesh (see description above).
VectorFunctionCoefficient velo(dim, InitialVelocity);
v.ProjectCoefficient(velo);
v.SetTrueVector();
VectorFunctionCoefficient deform(dim, InitialDeformation);
x.ProjectCoefficient(deform);
x.SetTrueVector();
Array<int> ess_bdr(fespace.GetMesh()->bdr_attributes.Max());
ess_bdr = 0;
ess_bdr[0] = 1; // boundary attribute 1 (index 0) is fixed
// 7. Initialize the hyperelastic operator, the GLVis visualization and print
// the initial energies.
HyperelasticOperator oper(fespace, ess_bdr, visc, mu, K);
socketstream vis_v, vis_w;
if (visualization)
{
char vishost[] = "localhost";
int visport = 19916;
vis_v.open(vishost, visport);
vis_v.precision(8);
v.SetFromTrueVector(); x.SetFromTrueVector();
visualize(vis_v, mesh, &x, &v, "Velocity", true);
vis_w.open(vishost, visport);
if (vis_w)
{
oper.GetElasticEnergyDensity(x, w);
vis_w.precision(8);
visualize(vis_w, mesh, &x, &w, "Elastic energy density", true);
}
cout << "GLVis visualization paused."
<< " Press space (in the GLVis window) to resume it.\n";
}
real_t ee0 = oper.ElasticEnergy(x.GetTrueVector());
real_t ke0 = oper.KineticEnergy(v.GetTrueVector());
cout << "initial elastic energy (EE) = " << ee0 << endl;
cout << "initial kinetic energy (KE) = " << ke0 << endl;
cout << "initial total energy (TE) = " << (ee0 + ke0) << endl;
real_t t = 0.0;
oper.SetTime(t);
ode_solver->Init(oper);
// 8. Perform time-integration (looping over the time iterations, ti, with a
// time-step dt).
bool last_step = false;
for (int ti = 1; !last_step; ti++)
{
real_t dt_real = min(dt, t_final - t);
ode_solver->Step(vx, t, dt_real);
last_step = (t >= t_final - 1e-8*dt);
if (last_step || (ti % vis_steps) == 0)
{
real_t ee = oper.ElasticEnergy(x.GetTrueVector());
real_t ke = oper.KineticEnergy(v.GetTrueVector());
cout << "step " << ti << ", t = " << t << ", EE = " << ee << ", KE = "
<< ke << ", ΔTE = " << (ee+ke)-(ee0+ke0) << endl;
if (visualization)
{
v.SetFromTrueVector(); x.SetFromTrueVector();
visualize(vis_v, mesh, &x, &v);
if (vis_w)
{
oper.GetElasticEnergyDensity(x, w);
visualize(vis_w, mesh, &x, &w);
}
}
}
}
// 9. Save the displaced mesh, the velocity and elastic energy.
{
v.SetFromTrueVector(); x.SetFromTrueVector();
GridFunction *nodes = &x;
int owns_nodes = 0;
mesh->SwapNodes(nodes, owns_nodes);
ofstream mesh_ofs("deformed.mesh");
mesh_ofs.precision(8);
mesh->Print(mesh_ofs);
mesh->SwapNodes(nodes, owns_nodes);
ofstream velo_ofs("velocity.sol");
velo_ofs.precision(8);
v.Save(velo_ofs);
ofstream ee_ofs("elastic_energy.sol");
ee_ofs.precision(8);
oper.GetElasticEnergyDensity(x, w);
w.Save(ee_ofs);
}
// 10. Free the used memory.
delete mesh;
return 0;
}
void visualize(ostream &os, Mesh *mesh, GridFunction *deformed_nodes,
GridFunction *field, const char *field_name, bool init_vis)
{
if (!os)
{
return;
}
GridFunction *nodes = deformed_nodes;
int owns_nodes = 0;
mesh->SwapNodes(nodes, owns_nodes);
os << "solution\n" << *mesh << *field;
mesh->SwapNodes(nodes, owns_nodes);
if (init_vis)
{
os << "window_size 800 800\n";
os << "window_title '" << field_name << "'\n";
if (mesh->SpaceDimension() == 2)
{
os << "view 0 0\n"; // view from top
os << "keys jl\n"; // turn off perspective and light
}
os << "keys cm\n"; // show colorbar and mesh
// update value-range; keep mesh-extents fixed
os << "autoscale value\n";
os << "pause\n";
}
os << flush;
}
ReducedSystemOperator::ReducedSystemOperator(
BilinearForm *M_, BilinearForm *S_, NonlinearForm *H_)
: Operator(M_->Height()), M(M_), S(S_), H(H_), Jacobian(NULL),
dt(0.0), v(NULL), x(NULL), w(height), z(height)
{ }
void ReducedSystemOperator::SetParameters(real_t dt_, const Vector *v_,
const Vector *x_)
{
dt = dt_; v = v_; x = x_;
}
void ReducedSystemOperator::Mult(const Vector &k, Vector &y) const
{
// compute: y = H(x + dt*(v + dt*k)) + M*k + S*(v + dt*k)
add(*v, dt, k, w);
add(*x, dt, w, z);
H->Mult(z, y);
M->AddMult(k, y);
S->AddMult(w, y);
}
Operator &ReducedSystemOperator::GetGradient(const Vector &k) const
{
delete Jacobian;
Jacobian = Add(1.0, M->SpMat(), dt, S->SpMat());
add(*v, dt, k, w);
add(*x, dt, w, z);
SparseMatrix *grad_H = dynamic_cast<SparseMatrix *>(&H->GetGradient(z));
Jacobian->Add(dt*dt, *grad_H);
return *Jacobian;
}
ReducedSystemOperator::~ReducedSystemOperator()
{
delete Jacobian;
}
HyperelasticOperator::HyperelasticOperator(FiniteElementSpace &f,
Array<int> &ess_bdr, real_t visc,
real_t mu, real_t K)
: TimeDependentOperator(2*f.GetTrueVSize(), (real_t) 0.0), fespace(f),
M(&fespace), S(&fespace), H(&fespace),
viscosity(visc), z(height/2)
{
#if defined(MFEM_USE_DOUBLE)
const real_t rel_tol = 1e-8;
const real_t newton_abs_tol = 0.0;
#elif defined(MFEM_USE_SINGLE)
const real_t rel_tol = 1e-3;
const real_t newton_abs_tol = 1e-4;
#else
#error "Only single and double precision are supported!"
const real_t rel_tol = real_t(1);
const real_t newton_abs_tol = real_t(0);
#endif
const int skip_zero_entries = 0;
const real_t ref_density = 1.0; // density in the reference configuration
ConstantCoefficient rho0(ref_density);
M.AddDomainIntegrator(new VectorMassIntegrator(rho0));
M.Assemble(skip_zero_entries);
Array<int> ess_tdof_list;
fespace.GetEssentialTrueDofs(ess_bdr, ess_tdof_list);
SparseMatrix tmp;
M.FormSystemMatrix(ess_tdof_list, tmp);
M_solver.iterative_mode = false;
M_solver.SetRelTol(rel_tol);
M_solver.SetAbsTol(0.0);
M_solver.SetMaxIter(30);
M_solver.SetPrintLevel(0);
M_solver.SetPreconditioner(M_prec);
M_solver.SetOperator(M.SpMat());
model = new NeoHookeanModel(mu, K);
H.AddDomainIntegrator(new HyperelasticNLFIntegrator(model));
H.SetEssentialTrueDofs(ess_tdof_list);
ConstantCoefficient visc_coeff(viscosity);
S.AddDomainIntegrator(new VectorDiffusionIntegrator(visc_coeff));
S.Assemble(skip_zero_entries);
S.FormSystemMatrix(ess_tdof_list, tmp);
reduced_oper = new ReducedSystemOperator(&M, &S, &H);
#ifndef MFEM_USE_SUITESPARSE
J_prec = new DSmoother(1);
MINRESSolver *J_minres = new MINRESSolver;
J_minres->SetRelTol(rel_tol);
J_minres->SetAbsTol(0.0);
J_minres->SetMaxIter(300);
J_minres->SetPrintLevel(-1);
J_minres->SetPreconditioner(*J_prec);
J_solver = J_minres;
#else
J_solver = new UMFPackSolver;
J_prec = NULL;
#endif
newton_solver.iterative_mode = false;
newton_solver.SetSolver(*J_solver);
newton_solver.SetOperator(*reduced_oper);
newton_solver.SetPrintLevel(1); // print Newton iterations
newton_solver.SetRelTol(rel_tol);
newton_solver.SetAbsTol(newton_abs_tol);
newton_solver.SetMaxIter(10);
}
void HyperelasticOperator::Mult(const Vector &vx, Vector &dvx_dt) const
{
// Create views to the sub-vectors v, x of vx, and dv_dt, dx_dt of dvx_dt
int sc = height/2;
Vector v(vx.GetData() + 0, sc);
Vector x(vx.GetData() + sc, sc);
Vector dv_dt(dvx_dt.GetData() + 0, sc);
Vector dx_dt(dvx_dt.GetData() + sc, sc);
H.Mult(x, z);
if (viscosity != 0.0)
{
S.AddMult(v, z);
}
z.Neg(); // z = -z
M_solver.Mult(z, dv_dt);
dx_dt = v;
}
void HyperelasticOperator::ImplicitSolve(const real_t dt,
const Vector &vx, Vector &dvx_dt)
{
int sc = height/2;
Vector v(vx.GetData() + 0, sc);
Vector x(vx.GetData() + sc, sc);
Vector dv_dt(dvx_dt.GetData() + 0, sc);
Vector dx_dt(dvx_dt.GetData() + sc, sc);
// By eliminating kx from the coupled system:
// kv = -M^{-1}*[H(x + dt*kx) + S*(v + dt*kv)]
// kx = v + dt*kv
// we reduce it to a nonlinear equation for kv, represented by the
// reduced_oper. This equation is solved with the newton_solver
// object (using J_solver and J_prec internally).
reduced_oper->SetParameters(dt, &v, &x);
Vector zero; // empty vector is interpreted as zero r.h.s. by NewtonSolver
newton_solver.Mult(zero, dv_dt);
MFEM_VERIFY(newton_solver.GetConverged(), "Newton solver did not converge.");
add(v, dt, dv_dt, dx_dt);
}
real_t HyperelasticOperator::ElasticEnergy(const Vector &x) const
{
return H.GetEnergy(x);
}
real_t HyperelasticOperator::KineticEnergy(const Vector &v) const
{
return 0.5*M.InnerProduct(v, v);
}
void HyperelasticOperator::GetElasticEnergyDensity(
const GridFunction &x, GridFunction &w) const
{
ElasticEnergyCoefficient w_coeff(*model, x);
w.ProjectCoefficient(w_coeff);
}
HyperelasticOperator::~HyperelasticOperator()
{
delete J_solver;
delete J_prec;
delete reduced_oper;
delete model;
}
real_t ElasticEnergyCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation &T,
const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
model.SetTransformation(T);
x.GetVectorGradient(T, J);
// return model.EvalW(J); // in reference configuration
return model.EvalW(J)/J.Det(); // in deformed configuration
}
void InitialDeformation(const Vector &x, Vector &y)
{
// set the initial configuration to be the same as the reference, stress
// free, configuration
y = x;
}
void InitialVelocity(const Vector &x, Vector &v)
{
const int dim = x.Size();
const real_t s = 0.1/64.;
v = 0.0;
v(dim-1) = s*x(0)*x(0)*(8.0-x(0));
v(0) = -s*x(0)*x(0);
}
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