style

Merge branch 'master' into eigenSolverInterface
Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/mfem/mfem
2026-02-10 12:48:56 -08:00 · 2026-02-10 10:47:01 -08:00 · 2026-02-10 10:46:20 -08:00 · 2026-02-10 10:45:28 -08:00 · 2026-02-03 22:40:04 -08:00 · 2026-02-02 23:34:11 -08:00
117 changed files with 1417 additions and 5216 deletions
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ runs:
  steps:
    - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/config

-    - uses: actions/cache@v5
+    - uses: actions/cache@v4
      if: ${{env.DEBUG == 'true'}}
      id: debug
      with:
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ runs:
  steps:
    - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/config

-    - uses: actions/cache@v5
+    - uses: actions/cache@v4
      if: ${{env.DEBUG == 'true' && inputs.cache-skip != 'true'}}
      id: debug
      with:
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ inputs:
 runs:
  using: 'composite'
  steps:
-    - uses: actions/cache/restore@v5  # Cache for LLVM libcxx
+    - uses: actions/cache/restore@v4  # Cache for LLVM libcxx
      with:
        path: ${{env.LLVM_DIR}}
        fail-on-cache-miss: true
@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ runs:
    - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/mpi
      if: ${{inputs.par == 'true'}}

-    - uses: actions/cache/restore@v5  # Cache for Hypre
+    - uses: actions/cache/restore@v4  # Cache for Hypre
      if: ${{inputs.par == 'true'}}
      with:
        path: ${{env.HYPRE_DIR}}
        fail-on-cache-miss: true
        key: ${{runner.os}}-ompi-build-${{env.HYPRE_DIR}}-int32-fp64-v2.5

-    - uses: actions/cache/restore@v5  # Cache for Metis
+    - uses: actions/cache/restore@v4  # Cache for Metis
      if: ${{inputs.par == 'true'}}
      with:
        path: ${{env.METIS_DIR}}
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ runs:
      run: ln -s -f ${{env.HYPRE_DIR}} hypre && ln -s -f ${{env.METIS_DIR}} metis-4.0
      shell: bash

-    - uses: actions/cache/restore@v5  # Cache for LSAN suppression file
+    - uses: actions/cache/restore@v4  # Cache for LSAN suppression file
      with:
        path: ${{env.LSAN_DIR}}
        fail-on-cache-miss: true
        key: build-lsan-suppression-file

-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6  # Checkout the repository
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4  # Checkout the repository
      with:
        path: mfem
        # ref: ${{env.BRANCH}}
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
          remove-docker-images: 'true'

      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      # It's easier to reference named variables than indexes of the matrix
      - name: Set Environment
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ jobs:
      # /home/runner/work/mfem/mfem/mfem
      # Note: Done now to access "install-hypre" and "install-metis" actions.
      - name: checkout mfem
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          path: ${{ env.MFEM_TOP_DIR }}
          # Fetch the complete history for codecov to access commits ID
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: cache hypre
        id: hypre-cache
        if: matrix.mpi == 'par'
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: ${{ env.HYPRE_TOP_DIR }}
          key: ${{ runner.os }}-ompi-build-${{ env.HYPRE_TOP_DIR }}-${{ matrix.hypre-target }}-${{ matrix.precision }}-v2.5
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: cache metis
        id: metis-cache
        if: matrix.mpi == 'par' && matrix.os != 'windows-latest'
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: ${{ env.METIS_TOP_DIR }}
          key: ${{ runner.os }}-build-${{ env.METIS_TOP_DIR }}-v2.5
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: cache vcpkg (Windows)
        id: vcpkg-cache
        if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: vcpkg_cache
          key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.mpi }}-vcpkg-v1
@@ -295,8 +295,7 @@ jobs:
          export HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_CLEANUP=1
          brew update
          brew install enzyme
-          ENZYME_LLVM=$(brew info enzyme | sed -n 's/^Required.*:.*\(llvm[^ ]*\).*/\1/p')
-          echo "ENZYME_LLVM=$ENZYME_LLVM"
+          ENZYME_LLVM=$(brew info enzyme | sed -n 's/^Required:.*\(llvm[^ ]*\).*/\1/p')
          LLVM_PREFIX=$(brew --prefix $ENZYME_LLVM)
          echo "LLVM_PREFIX=$LLVM_PREFIX" >> $GITHUB_ENV
          echo "OMPI_CC=$LLVM_PREFIX/bin/clang" >> $GITHUB_ENV
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
      - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v4
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v2
        with:
          languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
          # If you wish to specify custom queries, you can do so here or in a config file.
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
      # Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages  (C/C++, C#, or Java).
      # If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
      - name: Autobuild
-        uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v4
+        uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v2

      # ℹ️ Command-line programs to run using the OS shell.
      # 📚 See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#jobsjob_idstepsrun
@@ -70,4 +70,4 @@ jobs:
      #   ./location_of_script_within_repo/buildscript.sh

      - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v4
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v2
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: checkout MFEM
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          path: mfem

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Cache Hypre Install
        id: hypre-cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: ${{ env.HYPRE_TOP_DIR }}
          key: ${{ runner.os }}-ompi-build-${{ env.HYPRE_TOP_DIR }}-v2.5
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Cache Metis Install
        id: metis-cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: ${{ env.METIS_TOP_DIR }}
          key: ${{ runner.os }}-build-${{ env.METIS_TOP_DIR }}-v2.5
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ jobs:
       github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository)
    steps:
      - name: checkout mfem
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: copyright check
        id: copyright
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ jobs:
       github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository)
    steps:
      - name: checkout mfem
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: get astyle
        run: |
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ jobs:
       github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository)
    steps:
      - name: checkout mfem
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: get doxygen and graphviz
        run: |
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: checkout mfem
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0

@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    name: 2.19.0
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/config
      - name: Cache
        id: cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: ${{env.HYPRE_DIR}}
          key: ${{runner.os}}-ompi-build-${{env.HYPRE_DIR}}-int32-fp64-v2.5
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ jobs:
            llvm_use_sanitizer: "Undefined"
    name: ${{matrix.sanitizer}}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/config
        with:
          NO_FLAGS: true
      - name: Cache
        id: cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: ${{env.LLVM_DIR}}
          key: build-libcxx-${{env.LLVM_VER}}-${{matrix.sanitizer}}
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    name: lsan.supp
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/config
      - name: Cache
        id: cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: ${{env.LSAN_DIR}}
          key: build-lsan-suppression-file
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    name: 4.0.3
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/config
      - name: Cache
        id: cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: ${{env.METIS_DIR}}
          key: ${{runner.os}}-build-${{env.METIS_DIR}}-v2.5
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/mfem
        with:
          par: ${{inputs.par}}
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
    env:
      ex: ${{inputs.par && 'ex1p' || 'ex1'}}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/restore
        id: restore
        with:
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
    env:
      exclude: ${{inputs.par && '-E "_ser"' || ''}}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/restore
        id: restore
        with:
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ jobs:
    env:
      exclude: ${{inputs.par && '-E "_ser"' || ''}}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/restore
        id: restore
        with:
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ jobs:
      run: ${{inputs.par && '-R "_cpu_np"' || ''}}
      exclude: ${{inputs.par && '"unit_tests|debug"' || '"^unit_tests$|debug"'}}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/restore
        id: restore
        with:
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ jobs:
    env:
      unit_tests: ${{inputs.par && 'punit_tests' || 'unit_tests'}}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/restore
        id: restore
        with:
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ jobs:
      unit_tests: ${{inputs.par && 'punit_tests' || 'unit_tests'}}
      np: ${{inputs.par && '_np=2' || ''}}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ./.github/actions/sanitize/restore
        id: restore
        with:
@@ -443,10 +443,6 @@ miniapps/diag-smoothers/mg-abs-l1-jacobi
 miniapps/contact/contact
 miniapps/contact/ParaView

-miniapps/plasma/pic/electrostatic-*
-!miniapps/plasma/pic/electrostatic-*.cpp
-miniapps/plasma/pic/*.csv
-
 # Unit test binary and outputs
 tests/unit/output_meshes
 tests/unit/unit_tests
@@ -8,22 +8,6 @@
                               https://mfem.org


-Version 4.10 (development)
-==========================
-
-Discretization improvements
---------------------------
- Replaced legacy simplex quadrature rules with symmetric positive-weight
-  rules for triangles (orders 0-25) and tetrahedra (orders 0-20). These
-  rules guarantee all-positive weights and interior quadrature points,
-  improving numerical stability. Higher orders fall back to Grundmann-Moller.
-  Triangle rules: Witherden & Vincent, Comput. Math. Appl. 69(10):1232-1241,
-  2015.
-  Tet rules (d=1-13): Witherden & Vincent (ibid).
-  Tet rules (d=14-20): Chuluunbaatar et al., Comput. Math. Appl. 124:89-97,
-  2022.
-
-
 Version 4.9.1 (development)
 ===========================

@@ -33,9 +17,6 @@ Discretization improvements
  Vector and VectorFE, also NURBS versions. Optionally different types of
  projections can be selected, default behaviour has not changed.

- Added methods to estimate function extremum using piecewise linear bounds +
-  recursive subdivision.
-
 Meshing improvements
 --------------------
 - Improved support for 1D NURBS meshes with variable order, including using
@@ -652,8 +652,6 @@ foreach(TPL IN LISTS MFEM_TPLS)
  endif()
 endforeach(TPL)

-# reverse to remove the first instance of entries in TPL_LIBRARIES
-# so later duplicates are kept (for dependency ordering)
 list(REVERSE TPL_LIBRARIES)
 list(REMOVE_DUPLICATES TPL_LIBRARIES)
 list(REVERSE TPL_LIBRARIES)
@@ -1017,7 +1015,5 @@ install(DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/data
 # Create 'config.mk' from 'config.mk.in' for the build and install locations and
 # define install rules for 'config.mk' and 'test.mk'
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-if (MFEM_USE_CUDA OR MFEM_USE_HIP)
-  option(MFEM_EXPORT_GPU_CONFIG "Export config.mk for GPU-enabled downstream packages" ON)
-endif()
+
 mfem_export_mk_files()
@@ -109,10 +109,6 @@ if (MFEM_USE_RAJA)
   find_dependency(RAJA)
 endif()

-if (MFEM_USE_UMPIRE)
-   find_dependency(umpire)
-endif()
-
 if (NOT TARGET mfem)
  include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/MFEMTargets.cmake)
 endif (NOT TARGET mfem)
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@
 #   - UMPIRE_LIBRARIES
 #   - UMPIRE_INCLUDE_DIRS

-if (NOT umpire_ROOT AND UMPIRE_DIR)
-  set(umpire_ROOT ${UMPIRE_DIR})
+if (NOT umpire_DIR AND UMPIRE_DIR)
+  set(umpire_DIR ${UMPIRE_DIR}/lib/cmake/umpire)
 endif()
 message(STATUS "Looking for UMPIRE ...")
 message(STATUS "   in UMPIRE_DIR = ${UMPIRE_DIR}")
-message(STATUS "      umpire_ROOT = ${umpire_ROOT}")
+message(STATUS "      umpire_DIR = ${umpire_DIR}")
 find_package(umpire CONFIG)
 set(UMPIRE_FOUND ${umpire_FOUND})
 set(UMPIRE_LIBRARIES "umpire")
@@ -701,6 +701,7 @@ endfunction(mfem_find_library)
 # Extract compile and link options needed by the given target.
 #
 function(mfem_get_target_options Target CompileOptsVar LinkOptsVar)
+
  if (NOT TARGET ${Target})
    return()
  endif()
@@ -798,12 +799,7 @@ function(mfem_get_target_options Target CompileOptsVar LinkOptsVar)
          # message(STATUS "Lib = ${Lib}")
          # Filter-out generator expressions
          if (NOT ("${Lib}" MATCHES "^\\$"))
-            if(NOT ("${Lib}" STREQUAL "dl"))
-              list(APPEND LinkOpts "${Lib}")
-            else()
-              # for some reason libdl doesn't include the "-l"
-              list(APPEND LinkOpts "-ldl")
-            endif()
+            list(APPEND LinkOpts "${Lib}")
          endif()
        else()
          mfem_get_target_options(${Lib} COpts LOpts)
@@ -892,18 +888,9 @@ function(mfem_export_mk_files)
      set(${var} NO)
    endif()
  endforeach()
-  if (MFEM_USE_CUDA AND MFEM_EXPORT_GPU_CONFIG)
-    set(MFEM_CXX ${CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER})
-    if(MFEM_CUDA_COMPILER_IS_NVCC)
-      set(MFEM_HOST_CXX ${CMAKE_CUDA_HOST_COMPILER})
-    else()
-      set(MFEM_HOST_CXX ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER})
-    endif()
-  else()
-    # mfem doesn't use enable_language(HIP)
-    set(MFEM_CXX ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER})
-    set(MFEM_HOST_CXX ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER})
-  endif()
+  # TODO: Add support for MFEM_USE_CUDA=YES
+  set(MFEM_CXX ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER})
+  set(MFEM_HOST_CXX ${MFEM_CXX})
  set(MFEM_CPPFLAGS "")
  get_target_property(cxx_std mfem CXX_STANDARD)
  # For now, we ignore the setting of the CXX_EXTENSIONS property. If this
@@ -913,50 +900,6 @@ function(mfem_export_mk_files)
  string(STRIP
         "${cxx_std_flag} ${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_${BUILD_TYPE}} ${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS}"
         MFEM_CXXFLAGS)
-  if(MFEM_EXPORT_GPU_CONFIG)
-    if (MFEM_USE_CUDA)
-      set(MFEM_CXXFLAGS "${MFEM_CXXFLAGS} ${CMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS}")
-      if (MFEM_CUDA_COMPILER_IS_NVCC)
-        set(MFEM_CXXFLAGS "-x=cu ${MFEM_CXXFLAGS} -ccbin ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER} --forward-unknown-to-host-compiler")
-        # The following intentionally hides CUDA deprecation warnings
-        foreach(ENTRY IN LISTS CUDAToolkit_INCLUDE_DIRS)
-          set(MFEM_CXXFLAGS "${MFEM_CXXFLAGS} -isystem ${ENTRY}")
-        endforeach()
-        if (CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 3.18.0)
-          # architecture flags not part of CMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS
-          if ("all" STREQUAL "${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}"
-              OR "native" STREQUAL "${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}"
-              OR "all-major" STREQUAL "${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}")
-            set(MFEM_CXXFLAGS "${MFEM_CXXFLAGS} -arch=${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}")
-          else()
-            foreach (ENTRY IN LISTS CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES)
-              set(MFEM_CXXFLAGS
-                "${MFEM_CXXFLAGS} -gencode arch=compute_${ENTRY},code=sm_${ENTRY}")
-            endforeach()
-          endif()
-        endif()
-      else()
-        set(MFEM_CXXFLAGS "${MFEM_CXXFLAGS} -xcuda --cuda-path=${CUDAToolkit_LIBRARY_ROOT}")
-        if (CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 3.18.0)
-          # architecture flags not part of CMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS
-          if ("all" STREQUAL "${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}"
-              OR "native" STREQUAL "${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}"
-              OR "all-major" STREQUAL "${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}")
-            # TODO: not supported
-          else()
-            foreach(ENTRY IN LISTS CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES)
-              set(MFEM_CXXFLAGS "-cuda-gpu-arch=sm_${ENTRY} ${MFEM_CXXFLAGS}")
-            endforeach()
-          endif()
-        endif()
-      endif()
-    elseif (MFEM_USE_HIP)
-      set(MFEM_CXXFLAGS "${MFEM_CXXFLAGS} -xhip")
-      foreach(ENTRY IN LISTS CMAKE_HIP_ARCHITECTURES)
-        set(MFEM_CXXFLAGS "--offload-arch=${ENTRY} ${MFEM_CXXFLAGS}")
-      endforeach()
-    endif()
-  endif()
  set(MFEM_TPLFLAGS "")
  foreach(dir ${TPL_INCLUDE_DIRS})
    set(MFEM_TPLFLAGS "${MFEM_TPLFLAGS} -I${dir}")
@@ -987,9 +930,6 @@ function(mfem_export_mk_files)
    set(MFEM_SHARED NO)
    set(MFEM_STATIC YES)
  endif()
-  if (MFEM_USE_CUDA)
-    set(MFEM_EXT_LIBS "${MFEM_EXT_LIBS} -lcudart")
-  endif()
  set(MFEM_BUILD_TAG "${CMAKE_SYSTEM}")
  set(MFEM_PREFIX "${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}")
  # For the next 4 variables, these are the values for the build-tree version of
@@ -998,15 +938,8 @@ function(mfem_export_mk_files)
  set(MFEM_LIB_DIR "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}")
  set(MFEM_TEST_MK "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/config/test.mk")
  set(MFEM_CONFIG_EXTRA "MFEM_BUILD_DIR ?= ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}")
-  if (MFEM_USE_CUDA AND MFEM_EXPORT_GPU_CONFIG)
-    if (MFEM_CUDA_COMPILER_IS_NVCC)
-      set(MFEM_XLINKER "-Xlinker=")
-    else()
-      set(MFEM_XLINKER "${CMAKE_CUDA_LINKER_WRAPPER_FLAG}")
-    endif()
-  else()
-    set(MFEM_XLINKER "${CMAKE_CXX_LINKER_WRAPPER_FLAG}")
-  endif()
+  # TODO: CUDA/HIP support:
+  set(MFEM_XLINKER "${CMAKE_CXX_LINKER_WRAPPER_FLAG}")
  set(MFEM_MPIEXEC ${MPIEXEC})
  if (NOT MFEM_MPIEXEC)
    set(MFEM_MPIEXEC "mpirun")
@@ -1054,21 +987,16 @@ function(mfem_export_mk_files)
    # handle interfaces (e.g., SCOREC::apf)
    if ("${lib}" MATCHES "SCOREC::.*" OR "${lib}" MATCHES "Ginkgo::.*" OR "${lib}" MATCHES "ParMoonolith::.*")
    elseif (TARGET "${lib}")
-      mfem_get_target_options(${lib} CompileOpts2 LinkOpts2)
-      # remove generator expressions
-      string(GENEX_STRIP "${CompileOpts2}" CompileOpts)
-      string(GENEX_STRIP "${LinkOpts2}" LinkOpts)
+      mfem_get_target_options(${lib} CompileOpts LinkOpts)
      # Removing duplicates may lead to issues:
      # list(REMOVE_DUPLICATES CompileOpts)
      # list(REMOVE_DUPLICATES LinkOpts)
-      # message(WARNING "${lib}[LinkOpts]: ${LinkOpts}")      
-      # message(WARNING "${lib}[CompileOpts]: ${CompileOpts}")
-      foreach(LOpt IN LISTS LinkOpts)
-        set(MFEM_EXT_LIBS "${MFEM_EXT_LIBS} ${LOpt}")
-      endforeach()
-      foreach(COpt IN LISTS CompileOpts)
-        set(MFEM_TPLFLAGS "${MFEM_TPLFLAGS} ${COpt}")
-      endforeach()
+      string(REPLACE ";" " " COpts "${CompileOpts}")
+      string(REPLACE ";" " " LOpts "${LinkOpts}")
+      # message(STATUS "${lib}[COpts]: '${COpts}'")
+      # message(STATUS "${lib}[LOpts]: '${LOpts}'")
+      set(MFEM_TPLFLAGS "${MFEM_TPLFLAGS} ${COpts}")
+      set(MFEM_EXT_LIBS "${MFEM_EXT_LIBS} ${LOpts}")
      # message(FATAL_ERROR "***** interface lib found ... exiting *****")
      # handle static and shared libs
    elseif ("${suffix}" STREQUAL "${CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}")
@@ -1076,7 +1004,7 @@ function(mfem_export_mk_files)
      get_filename_component(fullLibName ${lib} NAME_WE)
      string(REGEX REPLACE "^lib" "" libname ${fullLibName})
      set(MFEM_EXT_LIBS
-        "${MFEM_EXT_LIBS} ${shared_link_flag}${dir} -L${dir} -l${libname}")
+          "${MFEM_EXT_LIBS} ${shared_link_flag}${dir} -L${dir} -l${libname}")
    else()
      set(MFEM_EXT_LIBS "${MFEM_EXT_LIBS} ${lib}")
    endif()
@@ -1085,7 +1013,7 @@ function(mfem_export_mk_files)
  # Create the build-tree version of 'config.mk'
  configure_file(
    "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/config/config.mk.in"
-    "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/config/config.mk" @ONLY)
+    "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/config/config.mk")
  # Copy 'test.mk' from the source-tree to the build-tree
  configure_file(
    "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/config/test.mk"
@@ -1103,7 +1031,7 @@ function(mfem_export_mk_files)
  # Create the install-tree version of 'config.mk'
  configure_file(
    "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/config/config.mk.in"
-    "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/config/config-install.mk" @ONLY)
+    "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/config/config-install.mk")

  # Install rules for 'config.mk' and 'test.mk'
  install(FILES ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/config/test.mk
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 // Sample runs:
 //    mpirun -np 4 ex12p -m ../data/beam-tri.mesh
 //    mpirun -np 4 ex12p -m ../data/beam-quad.mesh
-//    mpirun -np 4 ex12p -m ../data/beam-tet.mesh -s 464 -n 10 -o 2 -elast
+//    mpirun -np 4 ex12p -m ../data/beam-tet.mesh -s 462 -n 10 -o 2 -elast
 //    mpirun -np 4 ex12p -m ../data/beam-hex.mesh -s 3878
-//    mpirun -np 4 ex12p -m ../data/beam-wedge.mesh -s 82
+//    mpirun -np 4 ex12p -m ../data/beam-wedge.mesh -s 81
 //    mpirun -np 4 ex12p -m ../data/beam-tri.mesh -s 3877 -o 2 -sys
 //    mpirun -np 4 ex12p -m ../data/beam-quad.mesh -s 4544 -n 6 -o 3 -elast
 //    mpirun -np 4 ex12p -m ../data/beam-quad-nurbs.mesh
@@ -302,21 +302,15 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
      char vishost[] = "localhost";
      int  visport   = 19916;
      socketstream sol_sock_r(vishost, visport);
+      socketstream sol_sock_i(vishost, visport);
      sol_sock_r << "parallel " << num_procs << " " << myid << "\n";
+      sol_sock_i << "parallel " << num_procs << " " << myid << "\n";
      sol_sock_r.precision(8);
+      sol_sock_i.precision(8);
      sol_sock_r << "solution\n" << *pmesh << u_exact->real()
                 << "window_title 'Exact: Real Part'" << flush;
-      // Make sure all ranks have sent their real solution before initiating
-      // another set of GLVis connections (one from each rank):
-      MPI_Barrier(pmesh->GetComm());
-      socketstream sol_sock_i(vishost, visport);
-      sol_sock_i << "parallel " << num_procs << " " << myid << "\n";
-      sol_sock_i.precision(8);
      sol_sock_i << "solution\n" << *pmesh << u_exact->imag()
                 << "window_title 'Exact: Imaginary Part'" << flush;
-      // Make sure all ranks have sent their imaginary solution before initiating
-      // another set of GLVis connections (one from each rank):
-      MPI_Barrier(pmesh->GetComm());
   }

   // 11. Set up the parallel sesquilinear form a(.,.) on the finite element
@@ -540,21 +534,15 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
      char vishost[] = "localhost";
      int  visport   = 19916;
      socketstream sol_sock_r(vishost, visport);
+      socketstream sol_sock_i(vishost, visport);
      sol_sock_r << "parallel " << num_procs << " " << myid << "\n";
+      sol_sock_i << "parallel " << num_procs << " " << myid << "\n";
      sol_sock_r.precision(8);
+      sol_sock_i.precision(8);
      sol_sock_r << "solution\n" << *pmesh << u.real()
                 << "window_title 'Solution: Real Part'" << flush;
-      // Make sure all ranks have sent their real solution before initiating
-      // another set of GLVis connections (one from each rank):
-      MPI_Barrier(pmesh->GetComm());
-      socketstream sol_sock_i(vishost, visport);
-      sol_sock_i << "parallel " << num_procs << " " << myid << "\n";
-      sol_sock_i.precision(8);
      sol_sock_i << "solution\n" << *pmesh << u.imag()
                 << "window_title 'Solution: Imaginary Part'" << flush;
-      // Make sure all ranks have sent their imaginary solution before initiating
-      // another set of GLVis connections (one from each rank):
-      MPI_Barrier(pmesh->GetComm());
   }
   if (visualization && exact_sol)
   {
@@ -563,21 +551,15 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
      char vishost[] = "localhost";
      int  visport   = 19916;
      socketstream sol_sock_r(vishost, visport);
+      socketstream sol_sock_i(vishost, visport);
      sol_sock_r << "parallel " << num_procs << " " << myid << "\n";
+      sol_sock_i << "parallel " << num_procs << " " << myid << "\n";
      sol_sock_r.precision(8);
+      sol_sock_i.precision(8);
      sol_sock_r << "solution\n" << *pmesh << u_exact->real()
                 << "window_title 'Error: Real Part'" << flush;
-      // Make sure all ranks have sent their real solution before initiating
-      // another set of GLVis connections (one from each rank):
-      MPI_Barrier(pmesh->GetComm());
-      socketstream sol_sock_i(vishost, visport);
-      sol_sock_i << "parallel " << num_procs << " " << myid << "\n";
-      sol_sock_i.precision(8);
      sol_sock_i << "solution\n" << *pmesh << u_exact->imag()
                 << "window_title 'Error: Imaginary Part'" << flush;
-      // Make sure all ranks have sent their imaginary solution before initiating
-      // another set of GLVis connections (one from each rank):
-      MPI_Barrier(pmesh->GetComm());
   }
   if (visualization)
   {
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 // Sample runs:
 //     ex37 -alpha 10
 //     ex37 -alpha 10 -pv
-//     ex37 -lambda 0.1 -mu 0.1 -growth 1
-//     ex37 -o 2 -alpha 10.0 -mi 50 -vf 0.4 -ntol 1e-5 -growth 1.5
+//     ex37 -lambda 0.1 -mu 0.1
+//     ex37 -o 2 -alpha 5.0 -mi 50 -vf 0.4 -ntol 1e-5
 //     ex37 -r 6 -o 1 -alpha 25.0 -epsilon 0.02 -mi 50 -ntol 1e-5
 //
 // Description: This example code demonstrates the use of MFEM to solve a
@@ -55,6 +55,53 @@
 using namespace std;
 using namespace mfem;

+/**
+ * @brief Bregman projection of ρ = sigmoid(ψ) onto the subspace
+ *        ∫_Ω ρ dx = θ vol(Ω) as follows:
+ *
+ *        1. Compute the root of the R → R function
+ *            f(c) = ∫_Ω sigmoid(ψ + c) dx - θ vol(Ω)
+ *        2. Set ψ ← ψ + c.
+ *
+ * @param psi a GridFunction to be updated
+ * @param target_volume θ vol(Ω)
+ * @param tol Newton iteration tolerance
+ * @param max_its Newton maximum iteration number
+ * @return real_t Final volume, ∫_Ω sigmoid(ψ)
+ */
+real_t proj(GridFunction &psi, real_t target_volume, real_t tol=1e-12,
+            int max_its=10)
+{
+   MappedGridFunctionCoefficient sigmoid_psi(&psi, sigmoid);
+   MappedGridFunctionCoefficient der_sigmoid_psi(&psi, der_sigmoid);
+
+   LinearForm int_sigmoid_psi(psi.FESpace());
+   int_sigmoid_psi.AddDomainIntegrator(new DomainLFIntegrator(sigmoid_psi));
+   LinearForm int_der_sigmoid_psi(psi.FESpace());
+   int_der_sigmoid_psi.AddDomainIntegrator(new DomainLFIntegrator(
+                                              der_sigmoid_psi));
+   bool done = false;
+   for (int k=0; k<max_its; k++) // Newton iteration
+   {
+      int_sigmoid_psi.Assemble(); // Recompute f(c) with updated ψ
+      const real_t f = int_sigmoid_psi.Sum() - target_volume;
+
+      int_der_sigmoid_psi.Assemble(); // Recompute df(c) with updated ψ
+      const real_t df = int_der_sigmoid_psi.Sum();
+
+      const real_t dc = -f/df;
+      psi += dc;
+      if (abs(dc) < tol) { done = true; break; }
+   }
+   if (!done)
+   {
+      mfem_warning("Projection reached maximum iteration without converging. "
+                   "Result may not be accurate.");
+   }
+   int_sigmoid_psi.Assemble();
+   return int_sigmoid_psi.Sum();
+}
+
 /*
 * ---------------------------------------------------------------
 *                      ALGORITHM PREAMBLE
@@ -133,11 +180,10 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   int ref_levels = 5;
   int order = 2;
   real_t alpha = 1.0;
-   real_t growth = 2;
   real_t epsilon = 0.01;
   real_t vol_fraction = 0.5;
   int max_it = 1e3;
-   real_t itol = 1e-2;
+   real_t itol = 1e-1;
   real_t ntol = 1e-4;
   real_t rho_min = 1e-6;
   real_t lambda = 1.0;
@@ -152,8 +198,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                  "Order (degree) of the finite elements.");
   args.AddOption(&alpha, "-alpha", "--alpha-step-length",
                  "Step length for gradient descent.");
-   args.AddOption(&growth, "-growth", "--alpha-growth-rate",
-                  "Growth rate of step length for gradient descent.");
   args.AddOption(&epsilon, "-epsilon", "--epsilon-thickness",
                  "Length scale for ρ.");
   args.AddOption(&max_it, "-mi", "--max-it",
@@ -288,7 +332,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   }
   FilterSolver->SetEssentialBoundary(ess_bdr_filter);
   FilterSolver->SetupFEM();
-   FilterSolver->AssembleDiffusionBilinear();

   BilinearForm mass(&control_fes);
   mass.AddDomainIntegrator(new InverseIntegrator(new MassIntegrator(one)));
@@ -342,7 +385,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   // 11. Iterate:
   for (int k = 1; k <= max_it; k++)
   {
-      if (k > 1) { alpha = std::pow((real_t) k,growth); }
+      if (k > 1) { alpha *= ((real_t) k) / ((real_t) k-1); }

      mfem::out << "\nStep = " << k << std::endl;

@@ -379,9 +422,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])

      // Step 5 - Update design variable ψ ← proj(ψ - αG)
      psi.Add(-alpha, grad);
-      GridFunction alpha_grad(grad);
-      alpha_grad *= alpha;
-      const real_t material_volume = proj(psi, alpha_grad, target_volume);
+      const real_t material_volume = proj(psi, target_volume);

      // Compute ||ρ - ρ_old|| in control fes.
      real_t norm_increment = zerogf.ComputeL1Error(succ_diff_rho);
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ public:
        exponent(exponent_), rho_min(rho_min_)
   {
      MFEM_ASSERT(rho_min_ >= 0.0, "rho_min must be >= 0");
-      MFEM_ASSERT(rho_min_ < 1.0,  "rho_min must be < 1");
+      MFEM_ASSERT(rho_min_ < 1.0,  "rho_min must be > 1");
      MFEM_ASSERT(u, "displacement field is not set");
      MFEM_ASSERT(rho_filter, "density field is not set");
   }
@@ -231,12 +231,9 @@ private:
   FiniteElementCollection * fec = nullptr;
   FiniteElementSpace * fes = nullptr;
   Array<int> ess_bdr;
-   Array<int> ess_tdof_list;
   Array<int> neumann_bdr;
   GridFunction * u = nullptr;
   LinearForm * b = nullptr;
-   BilinearForm * a = nullptr;
-   OperatorPtr A;
   bool parallel;
 #ifdef MFEM_USE_MPI
   ParMesh * pmesh = nullptr;
@@ -270,8 +267,6 @@ public:
   void ResetFEM();
   void SetupFEM();

-   void UpdateEssentialTDofs();
-   void AssembleDiffusionBilinear(bool update_ess_tdofs=true);
   void Solve();
   GridFunction * GetFEMSolution();
   LinearForm * GetLinearForm() {return b;}
@@ -376,130 +371,6 @@ public:

 };

-/**
- * @brief Bregman projection of ρ = sigmoid(ψ) onto the subspace
- *        ∫_Ω ρ dx = θ vol(Ω) as follows:
- *
- *        1. Compute the root of the R → R function
- *            f(c) = ∫_Ω sigmoid(ψ + c) dx - θ vol(Ω)
- *           using the Illinois method
- *        2. Set ψ ← ψ + c.
- *
- * @param psi a GridFunction to be updated
- * @param alpha_grad alpha multiplied by gradient
- * @param target_volume θ vol(Ω)
- * @param tol Illinois iteration tolerance
- * @param max_its Illinois maximum iteration number
- * @return real_t Final volume (∫_Ω sigmoid(ψ) dx)
- */
-real_t proj(GridFunction &psi, GridFunction &alpha_grad, real_t target_volume,
-            real_t tol = 1e-12, int max_its = 100)
-{
-#ifdef MFEM_USE_MPI
-   FiniteElementSpace *fes = psi.FESpace();
-   ParFiniteElementSpace *pfes = dynamic_cast<ParFiniteElementSpace*>(fes);
-#endif
-   ConstantCoefficient zero_cf(0.0);
-   real_t a = -alpha_grad.ComputeMaxError(zero_cf);
-   real_t b = -a;
-   real_t y = 0.0;
-
-   MappedGridFunctionCoefficient sigmoid_psi(
-   &psi, [&y](const real_t x) { return sigmoid(x + y); });
-   std::unique_ptr<LinearForm> int_sigmoid_psi;
-#ifdef MFEM_USE_MPI
-   ParGridFunction *par_psi = dynamic_cast<ParGridFunction *>(&psi);
-   if (par_psi)
-   {
-      int_sigmoid_psi.reset(new ParLinearForm(par_psi->ParFESpace()));
-   }
-   else
-   {
-      int_sigmoid_psi.reset(new LinearForm(psi.FESpace()));
-   }
-#else
-   int_sigmoid_psi.reset(new LinearForm(psi.FESpace()));
-#endif
-   int_sigmoid_psi->AddDomainIntegrator(new DomainLFIntegrator(sigmoid_psi));
-
-   y = a;
-   int_sigmoid_psi->Assemble();
-   real_t f_a = int_sigmoid_psi->Sum();  // f_a := f(a) + θ vol(Ω)
-
-   y = b;
-   int_sigmoid_psi->Assemble();
-   real_t f_b = int_sigmoid_psi->Sum();  // f_b := f(b) + θ vol(Ω)
-#ifdef MFEM_USE_MPI
-   if (pfes)
-   {
-      MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, &f_a, 1, MPITypeMap<real_t>::mpi_type,
-                    MPI_SUM, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
-      MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, &f_b, 1, MPITypeMap<real_t>::mpi_type,
-                    MPI_SUM, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
-   }
-#endif
-   f_a -= target_volume; // f_a := f(a)
-   f_b -= target_volume; // f_b := f(b)
-   real_t c = 0.0;
-   real_t f_c = 0.0;
-   int side = 0;
-
-   bool done = false;
-   for (int k=0; k < max_its; k++)
-   {
-      c = (f_a * b - f_b * a) / (f_a - f_b);
-
-      if (abs(b - a) < tol * abs(b + a)) { done = true; break; }
-
-      y = c;
-      int_sigmoid_psi->Assemble();
-      f_c = int_sigmoid_psi->Sum(); // f_c := f(c) + θ vol(Ω)
-#ifdef MFEM_USE_MPI
-      if (pfes)
-      {
-         MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, &f_c, 1, MPITypeMap<real_t>::mpi_type,
-                       MPI_SUM, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
-      }
-#endif
-      f_c -= target_volume; // f_c := f(c)
-
-      if (f_c * f_b > 0)
-      {
-         b = c;
-         f_b = f_c;
-         if (side == -1) { f_a /= 2.0; }
-         side = -1;
-      }
-      else if (f_c * f_a > 0)
-      {
-         a = c;
-         f_a = f_c;
-         if (side == 1) { f_b /= 2.0; }
-         side = 1;
-      }
-      else
-      {
-         done = true; break;
-      }
-   }
-   if (!done)
-   {
-      mfem_warning("Projection reached maximum iteration without converging. "
-                   "Result may not be accurate.");
-   }
-   y = 0.0;
-   psi += c;
-   int_sigmoid_psi->Assemble();
-   real_t material_volume = int_sigmoid_psi->Sum();
-#ifdef MFEM_USE_MPI
-   if (pfes)
-   {
-      MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, &material_volume, 1,
-                    MPITypeMap<real_t>::mpi_type, MPI_SUM, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
-   }
-#endif
-   return material_volume;
-}

 // Poisson solver

@@ -551,8 +422,12 @@ void DiffusionSolver::SetupFEM()
   }
 }

-void DiffusionSolver::UpdateEssentialTDofs()
+void DiffusionSolver::Solve()
 {
+   OperatorPtr A;
+   Vector B, X;
+   Array<int> ess_tdof_list;
+
 #ifdef MFEM_USE_MPI
   if (parallel)
   {
@@ -565,39 +440,7 @@ void DiffusionSolver::UpdateEssentialTDofs()
 #else
   fes->GetEssentialTrueDofs(ess_bdr,ess_tdof_list);
 #endif
-}
-
-void DiffusionSolver::AssembleDiffusionBilinear(bool update_ess_tdofs)
-{
-   if (update_ess_tdofs)
-   {
-      UpdateEssentialTDofs();
-   }
-#ifdef MFEM_USE_MPI
-   if (parallel)
-   {
-      a = new ParBilinearForm(pfes);
-   }
-   else
-   {
-      a = new BilinearForm(fes);
-   }
-#else
-   a = new BilinearForm(fes);
-#endif
-   a->AddDomainIntegrator(new DiffusionIntegrator(*diffcf));
-   if (masscf)
-   {
-      a->AddDomainIntegrator(new MassIntegrator(*masscf));
-   }
-   a->Assemble();
-   a->FormSystemMatrix(ess_tdof_list, A);
-}
-
-void DiffusionSolver::Solve()
-{
-   Vector B, X;
-
+   *u=0.0;
   if (b)
   {
      delete b;
@@ -632,33 +475,31 @@ void DiffusionSolver::Solve()

   b->Assemble();

-   *u=0.0;
-   if (essbdr_cf)
-   {
-      u->ProjectBdrCoefficient(*essbdr_cf,ess_bdr);
-   }
+   BilinearForm * a = nullptr;

 #ifdef MFEM_USE_MPI
   if (parallel)
   {
-      X.SetSize(pfes->TrueVSize());
-      B.SetSize(pfes->TrueVSize());
-      dynamic_cast<ParGridFunction*>(u)->ParallelAssemble(X);
-      dynamic_cast<ParLinearForm*>(b)->ParallelAssemble(B);
-      dynamic_cast<ParBilinearForm*>(a)->ParallelEliminateTDofsInRHS(
-         ess_tdof_list, X, B);
+      a = new ParBilinearForm(pfes);
   }
   else
   {
-      X.NewDataAndSize(u->GetData(), u->Size());
-      B.NewDataAndSize(b->GetData(), b->Size());
-      a->EliminateVDofsInRHS(ess_tdof_list, X, B);
+      a = new BilinearForm(fes);
   }
 #else
-   X.NewDataAndSize(u->GetData(), u->Size());
-   B.NewDataAndSize(b->GetData(), b->Size());
-   a->EliminateVDofsInRHS(ess_tdof_list, X, B);
+   a = new BilinearForm(fes);
 #endif
+   a->AddDomainIntegrator(new DiffusionIntegrator(*diffcf));
+   if (masscf)
+   {
+      a->AddDomainIntegrator(new MassIntegrator(*masscf));
+   }
+   a->Assemble();
+   if (essbdr_cf)
+   {
+      u->ProjectBdrCoefficient(*essbdr_cf,ess_bdr);
+   }
+   a->FormLinearSystem(ess_tdof_list, *u, *b, A, X, B);

   CGSolver * cg = nullptr;
   Solver * M = nullptr;
@@ -687,6 +528,7 @@ void DiffusionSolver::Solve()
   delete M;
   delete cg;
   a->RecoverFEMSolution(X, *b, *u);
+   delete a;
 }

 GridFunction * DiffusionSolver::GetFEMSolution()
@@ -718,8 +560,6 @@ DiffusionSolver::~DiffusionSolver()
 #endif
   delete fec; fec = nullptr;
   delete b;
-   A.Clear();
-   delete a;
 }


@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 //
 // Sample runs:
 //    mpirun -np 4 ex37p -alpha 10 -pv
-//    mpirun -np 4 ex37p -lambda 0.1 -mu 0.1 -growth 1
-//    mpirun -np 4 ex37p -o 2 -alpha 10.0 -mi 50 -vf 0.4 -ntol 1e-5 -growth 1.5
+//    mpirun -np 4 ex37p -lambda 0.1 -mu 0.1
+//    mpirun -np 4 ex37p -o 2 -alpha 5.0 -mi 50 -vf 0.4 -ntol 1e-5
 //    mpirun -np 4 ex37p -r 6 -o 2 -alpha 10.0 -epsilon 0.02 -mi 50 -ntol 1e-5
 //
 // Description: This example code demonstrates the use of MFEM to solve a
@@ -54,6 +54,61 @@
 using namespace std;
 using namespace mfem;

+/**
+ * @brief Bregman projection of ρ = sigmoid(ψ) onto the subspace
+ *        ∫_Ω ρ dx = θ vol(Ω) as follows:
+ *
+ *        1. Compute the root of the R → R function
+ *            f(c) = ∫_Ω sigmoid(ψ + c) dx - θ vol(Ω)
+ *        2. Set ψ ← ψ + c.
+ *
+ * @param psi a GridFunction to be updated
+ * @param target_volume θ vol(Ω)
+ * @param tol Newton iteration tolerance
+ * @param max_its Newton maximum iteration number
+ * @return real_t Final volume, ∫_Ω sigmoid(ψ)
+ */
+real_t proj(ParGridFunction &psi, real_t target_volume, real_t tol=1e-12,
+            int max_its=10)
+{
+   MappedGridFunctionCoefficient sigmoid_psi(&psi, sigmoid);
+   MappedGridFunctionCoefficient der_sigmoid_psi(&psi, der_sigmoid);
+
+   ParLinearForm int_sigmoid_psi(psi.ParFESpace());
+   int_sigmoid_psi.AddDomainIntegrator(new DomainLFIntegrator(sigmoid_psi));
+   ParLinearForm int_der_sigmoid_psi(psi.ParFESpace());
+   int_der_sigmoid_psi.AddDomainIntegrator(new DomainLFIntegrator(
+                                              der_sigmoid_psi));
+   bool done = false;
+   for (int k=0; k<max_its; k++) // Newton iteration
+   {
+      int_sigmoid_psi.Assemble(); // Recompute f(c) with updated ψ
+      real_t f = int_sigmoid_psi.Sum();
+      MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, &f, 1, MPITypeMap<real_t>::mpi_type,
+                    MPI_SUM, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
+      f -= target_volume;
+
+      int_der_sigmoid_psi.Assemble(); // Recompute df(c) with updated ψ
+      real_t df = int_der_sigmoid_psi.Sum();
+      MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, &df, 1, MPITypeMap<real_t>::mpi_type,
+                    MPI_SUM, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
+
+      const real_t dc = -f/df;
+      psi += dc;
+      if (abs(dc) < tol) { done = true; break; }
+   }
+   if (!done)
+   {
+      mfem_warning("Projection reached maximum iteration without converging. "
+                   "Result may not be accurate.");
+   }
+   int_sigmoid_psi.Assemble();
+   real_t material_volume = int_sigmoid_psi.Sum();
+   MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, &material_volume, 1,
+                 MPITypeMap<real_t>::mpi_type, MPI_SUM, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
+   return material_volume;
+}
+
 /*
 * ---------------------------------------------------------------
 *                      ALGORITHM PREAMBLE
@@ -138,11 +193,10 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   int ref_levels = 5;
   int order = 2;
   real_t alpha = 1.0;
-   real_t growth = 2;
   real_t epsilon = 0.01;
   real_t vol_fraction = 0.5;
   int max_it = 1e3;
-   real_t itol = 1e-2;
+   real_t itol = 1e-1;
   real_t ntol = 1e-4;
   real_t rho_min = 1e-6;
   real_t lambda = 1.0;
@@ -157,8 +211,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                  "Order (degree) of the finite elements.");
   args.AddOption(&alpha, "-alpha", "--alpha-step-length",
                  "Step length for gradient descent.");
-   args.AddOption(&growth, "-growth", "--alpha-growth-rate",
-                  "Growth rate of step length for gradient descent.");
   args.AddOption(&epsilon, "-epsilon", "--epsilon-thickness",
                  "Length scale for ρ.");
   args.AddOption(&max_it, "-mi", "--max-it",
@@ -307,7 +359,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   }
   FilterSolver->SetEssentialBoundary(ess_bdr_filter);
   FilterSolver->SetupFEM();
-   FilterSolver->AssembleDiffusionBilinear();

   ParBilinearForm mass(&control_fes);
   mass.AddDomainIntegrator(new InverseIntegrator(new MassIntegrator(one)));
@@ -361,7 +412,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   // 11. Iterate:
   for (int k = 1; k <= max_it; k++)
   {
-      if (k > 1) { alpha = std::pow((real_t) k,growth); }
+      if (k > 1) { alpha *= ((real_t) k) / ((real_t) k-1); }

      if (myid == 0)
      {
@@ -401,9 +452,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])

      // Step 5 - Update design variable ψ ← proj(ψ - αG)
      psi.Add(-alpha, grad);
-      ParGridFunction alpha_grad(grad);
-      alpha_grad *= alpha;
-      const real_t material_volume = proj(psi, alpha_grad, target_volume);
+      const real_t material_volume = proj(psi, target_volume);

      // Compute ||ρ - ρ_old|| in control fes.
      real_t norm_increment = zerogf.ComputeL1Error(succ_diff_rho);
@@ -157,8 +157,6 @@ ex37-test-seq: ex37
 	@$(call mfem-test,$<,, Serial example,-mi 3)
 ex37p-test-par: ex37p
 	@$(call mfem-test,$<, $(RUN_MPI), Parallel example,-mi 3)
-ex39-test-seq: ex39
-	@$(call mfem-test,$<,, Serial example,-m ../data/compass.mesh)
 ex41-test-seq: ex41
 	@$(call mfem-test,$<,, Serial example,-tf 1.0)
 ex41p-test-par: ex41p
@@ -729,8 +729,7 @@ void BilinearForm::Assemble(int skip_zeros)
         tr = mesh -> GetBdrFaceTransformations (i);
         if (tr != NULL)
         {
-            mfem::DofTransformation doftrans;
-            fes -> GetElementVDofs (tr -> Elem1No, vdofs, doftrans);
+            fes -> GetElementVDofs (tr -> Elem1No, vdofs);
            fe1 = fes -> GetFE (tr -> Elem1No);
            // The fe2 object is really a dummy and not used on the boundaries,
            // but we can't dereference a NULL pointer, and we don't want to
@@ -744,7 +743,6 @@ void BilinearForm::Assemble(int skip_zeros)

               boundary_face_integs[k] -> AssembleFaceMatrix (*fe1, *fe2, *tr,
                                                              elemmat);
-               doftrans.TransformDual(elemmat);
               mat -> AddSubMatrix (vdofs, vdofs, elemmat, skip_zeros);
            }
         }
@@ -1725,7 +1723,6 @@ void MixedBilinearForm::Assemble(int skip_zeros)
         }
      }

-      DofTransformation dom_dof_trans, ran_dof_trans;
      for (int i = 0; i < trial_fes -> GetNBE(); i++)
      {
         const int bdr_attr = mesh->GetBdrAttribute(i);
@@ -1734,8 +1731,8 @@ void MixedBilinearForm::Assemble(int skip_zeros)
         ftr = mesh -> GetBdrFaceTransformations (i);
         if (ftr != NULL)
         {
-            trial_fes->GetElementVDofs(ftr->Elem1No, trial_vdofs, dom_dof_trans);
-            test_fes->GetElementVDofs(ftr->Elem1No, test_vdofs, ran_dof_trans);
+            trial_fes->GetElementVDofs(ftr->Elem1No, trial_vdofs);
+            test_fes->GetElementVDofs(ftr->Elem1No, test_vdofs);
            trial_fe1 = trial_fes->GetFE(ftr->Elem1No);
            test_fe1 = test_fes->GetFE(ftr->Elem1No);
            // The test_fe2 object is really a dummy and not used on the
@@ -1751,7 +1748,6 @@ void MixedBilinearForm::Assemble(int skip_zeros)
               boundary_face_integs[k]->AssembleFaceMatrix(*trial_fe1, *test_fe1, *trial_fe2,
                                                           *test_fe2,
                                                           *ftr, elemmat);
-               TransformDual(ran_dof_trans, dom_dof_trans, elemmat);
               mat->AddSubMatrix(test_vdofs, trial_vdofs, elemmat, skip_zeros);
            }
         }
@@ -2710,7 +2710,7 @@ public:


 /** Integrator for $(-Q u, \nabla v)$ for Nedelec ($u$) and $H^1$ ($v$) elements.
-    This is equivalent to a weak divergence of the $H(curl)$ basis functions. */
+    This is equivalent to a weak divergence of the $H(curl$ basis functions. */
 class VectorFEWeakDivergenceIntegrator: public BilinearFormIntegrator
 {
 protected:
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ void PLBound::Setup(const int nb_i, const int ncp_i,
   b_type = b_type_i;
   cp_type = cp_type_i;
   tol = tol_i;
-   lbound.SetSize(ncp, nb);
-   ubound.SetSize(ncp, nb);
+   lbound.SetSize(nb, ncp);
+   ubound.SetSize(nb, ncp);
   nodes.SetSize(nb);
   weights.SetSize(nb);
   control_points.SetSize(ncp);
@@ -125,25 +125,21 @@ void PLBound::Setup(const int nb_i, const int ncp_i,
      {
         if (j == 0)
         {
-            lbound(j,i) = bv(i);
-            ubound(j,i) = bv(i);
+            lbound(i, j) = bv(i);
+            ubound(i, j) = bv(i);
         }
         else if (j == ncp-1)
         {
-            lbound(j,i) = bv(i);
-            ubound(j,i) = bv(i);
+            lbound(i, j) = bv(i);
+            ubound(i, j) = bv(i);
         }
         else
         {
            vals(0)  = bv(i);
            vals(1) =  bmv(i) +  dm*bdmv(i);
            vals(2) =  bpv(i) +  dp*bdpv(i);
-            lbound(j,i) = vals.Min()-tol; // tolerance for good measure
-            ubound(j,i) = vals.Max()+tol; // tolerance for good measure
-            if (b_type == 2)
-            {
-               lbound(j,i) = std::max(lbound(j,i),0_r);
-            }
+            lbound(i, j) = vals.Min()-tol; // tolerance for good measure
+            ubound(i, j) = vals.Max()+tol; // tolerance for good measure
         }
      }
   }
@@ -277,7 +273,8 @@ void PLBound::Get1DBounds(const Vector &coeff, Vector &intmin,
   intmax.SetSize(ncp);
   intmin = 0.0;
   intmax = 0.0;
-   Vector coeffm;
+   Vector coeffm(nb);
+   coeffm = 0.0;

   real_t a0 = 0.0;
   real_t a1 = 0.0;
@@ -305,8 +302,6 @@ void PLBound::Get1DBounds(const Vector &coeff, Vector &intmin,
   // compute L2 projection for linear bases: a0 + a1*x
   if (proj)
   {
-      coeffm.SetSize(nb);
-      coeffm = 0.0;
      for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++)
      {
         x = 2.0*nodes_int(i)-1;
@@ -347,8 +342,8 @@ void PLBound::Get1DBounds(const Vector &coeff, Vector &intmin,
      real_t c = coeffm(i);
      for (int j = 0; j < ncp; j++)
      {
-         intmin(j) += min(lbound(j,i)*c, ubound(j,i)*c);
-         intmax(j) += max(lbound(j,i)*c, ubound(j,i)*c);
+         intmin(j) += min(lbound(i,j)*c, ubound(i,j)*c);
+         intmax(j) += max(lbound(i,j)*c, ubound(i,j)*c);
      }
   }
 }
@@ -479,10 +474,10 @@ void PLBound::Get2DBounds(const Vector &coeff, Vector &intmin,
         real_t w1 = intmaxT(id2++);
         for (int k = 0; k < ncp; k++) // kth row
         {
-            vals(0) = w0*lbound(k,j);
-            vals(1) = w0*ubound(k,j);
-            vals(2) = w1*lbound(k,j);
-            vals(3) = w1*ubound(k,j);
+            vals(0) = w0*lbound(j,k);
+            vals(1) = w0*ubound(j,k);
+            vals(2) = w1*lbound(j,k);
+            vals(3) = w1*ubound(j,k);
            intmin(k*ncp+i) += vals.Min();
            intmax(k*ncp+i) += vals.Max();
         }
@@ -558,17 +553,17 @@ void PLBound::Get3DBounds(const Vector &coeff, Vector &intmin,
            for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++)
            {
               x = 2.0*nodes(i)-1; // x-coordinate
-               minNodalVals(i) -= a0V(j) + a1V(j)*x;
-               maxNodalVals(i) -= a0V(j) + a1V(j)*x;
+               minBounds(i) -= a0V(j) + a1V(j)*x;
+               maxBounds(i) -= a0V(j) + a1V(j)*x;
            }
            // Compute Bernstein coefficients
            LUFactors lu(basisMatLU.GetData(), lu_ip.GetData());
-            lu.Solve(nb, 1, minNodalVals.GetData());
-            lu.Solve(nb, 1, maxNodalVals.GetData());
+            lu.Solve(nb, 1, minBounds.GetData());
+            lu.Solve(nb, 1, maxBounds.GetData());
            for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++)
            {
-               intminT(i*ncp2+j) = minNodalVals(i);
-               intmaxT(i*ncp2+j) = maxNodalVals(i);
+               intminT(i*ncp2+j) = minBounds(i);
+               intmaxT(i*ncp2+j) = maxBounds(i);
            }
         }
      }
@@ -622,10 +617,10 @@ void PLBound::Get3DBounds(const Vector &coeff, Vector &intmin,
         real_t w1 = intmaxT(id2++);
         for (int k = 0; k < ncp; k++) // kth slice
         {
-            vals(0) = w0*lbound(k,j);
-            vals(1) = w0*ubound(k,j);
-            vals(2) = w1*lbound(k,j);
-            vals(3) = w1*ubound(k,j);
+            vals(0) = w0*lbound(j,k);
+            vals(1) = w0*ubound(j,k);
+            vals(2) = w1*lbound(j,k);
+            vals(3) = w1*ubound(j,k);
            intmin(k*ncp2+i) += vals.Min();
            intmax(k*ncp2+i) += vals.Max();
         }
@@ -658,8 +653,7 @@ void PLBound::SetupBernsteinBasisMat(DenseMatrix &basisMat,
                                     Vector &nodesBern) const
 {
   const int nbern = nodesBern.Size();
-   L2_SegmentElement el(nbern-1, 2);
-   // we use L2 to leverage lexicographic order
+   L2_SegmentElement el(nbern-1, 2); // we use L2 to leverage lexicographic order
   Array<int> ordering = el.GetLexicographicOrdering();
   basisMat.SetSize(nbern, nbern);
   Vector shape(nbern);
@@ -672,39 +666,6 @@ void PLBound::SetupBernsteinBasisMat(DenseMatrix &basisMat,
   }
 }

-DenseMatrix PLBound::GetBoundingMatrix(int dim, bool is_lower) const
-{
-   if (dim > 1)
-   {
-      const int ncpd = static_cast<int>(std::pow(ncp, dim));
-      const int nbd = static_cast<int>(std::pow(nb, dim));
-      DenseMatrix boundND(ncpd, nbd);
-      Vector phimin, phimax, col;
-      Vector coeffs(nbd);
-      coeffs = 0.0;
-      for (int j = 0; j < nbd; j++)
-      {
-         coeffs(j) = 1.0;
-         boundND.GetColumnReference(j, col);
-         GetNDBounds(dim, coeffs, phimin, phimax);
-         col = is_lower ? phimin : phimax;
-         coeffs(j) = 0.0;
-      }
-      return boundND;
-   }
-   return is_lower ? lbound : ubound;
-}
-
-DenseMatrix PLBound::GetLowerBoundMatrix(int dim) const
-{
-   return GetBoundingMatrix(dim, true);
-}
-
-DenseMatrix PLBound::GetUpperBoundMatrix(int dim) const
-{
-   return GetBoundingMatrix(dim, false);
-}
-
 constexpr int PLBound::min_ncp_gl_x[2][11];
 constexpr int PLBound::min_ncp_gll_x[2][11];
 constexpr int PLBound::min_ncp_pos_x[2][11];
@@ -755,4 +716,4 @@ void PLBound::Print(std::ostream &outp) const
   ubound.Print(outp);
 }

-}
+}
@@ -19,18 +19,14 @@ namespace mfem
 {

 /** @name Piecewise linear bounds of bases
-    \brief Piecewise linear bounds of bases can be used to compute bounds on
-    the grid function in each element. The bounds for the bases are constructed
-    based on the following parameters:
+    \brief Piecewise linear bounds of bases can be used to compute bounds on the grid function in each element. The bounds for the bases are constructed based on the following parameters:

    (i) @b nb: number of bases/nodes in 1D (i.e. polynomial order+1),

-    (ii) @b b_type: bases type, 0 - Lagrange interpolants on Gauss-Legendre
-    nodes, 1 - Lagrange interpolants on Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre nodes, and
+    (ii) @b b_type: bases type, 0 - Lagrange interpolants on Gauss-Legendre nodes, 1 - Lagrange interpolants on Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre nodes, and
    2 - Positive/Bernstein bases on uniformly distributed nodes,

-    (iii) @b ncp: number of control points used to construct the piecewise
-    linear bounds
+    (iii) @b ncp: number of control points used to construct the piecewise linear bounds

    (iv) @b cp_type: control point distribution. 0 - GL + end-points,
                    1 - Chebyshev.
@@ -39,9 +35,7 @@ namespace mfem

    If the user does not specify @b ncp and @b cp_type, the minimum value of
    @b ncp is used that would bound the bases for the @b cp_type. We default
-    to @b cp_type = 0 as it requires fewer number of points to bound the bases.
-    Typically, @b ncp = 2 @b nb is sufficient to get fairly compact bounds, and
-    increasing @b ncp results in tighter bounds.
+    to @b cp_type = 0 as it requires fewer number of points to bound the bases. Typically, @b ncp = 2 @b nb is sufficient to get fairly compact bounds, and increasing @b ncp results in tighter bounds.

    Finally, only tensor-product elements are currently supported.

@@ -60,7 +54,7 @@ private:
   bool proj = true; // Use linear projection to compute bounds.
   real_t tol = 0.0; // offset bounds to avoid round-off errors
   Vector nodes, weights, control_points;
-   DenseMatrix lbound, ubound; // ncp x nb matrices with bounds of all bases
+   DenseMatrix lbound, ubound; // nb x ncp matrices with bounds of all bases
   // Some auxillary storage for computing the bounds with Bernstein
   DenseMatrix basisMatNodes; // Bernstein bases at equispaced nodes
   DenseMatrix basisMatInt;   // Bernstein bases at GLL nodes
@@ -86,9 +80,6 @@ private:
      {3,5,8,9,11,12,13,13,14,15,16}
   };

-   /// Helper function to extract lower or upper bounding matrix
-   DenseMatrix GetBoundingMatrix(int dim, bool is_lower) const;
-
 public:
   // Constructor
   PLBound(const int nb_i, const int ncp_i, const int b_type_i,
@@ -101,82 +92,40 @@ public:
   PLBound(const FiniteElementSpace *fes,
           const int ncp_i = -1, const int cp_type_i = 0);

-   /// Get minimum number of control points needed to bound the given bases
+   // Get minimum number of control points needed to bound the given bases
   int GetMinimumPointsForGivenBases(int nb_i, int b_type_i,
                                     int cp_type_i) const;

-   /// Print information about the bounds
+   // Print information about the bounds
   void Print(std::ostream &outp = mfem::out) const;

-   /** @brief Enable (default) or disable linear projection before bounding.
-    *
-    *  @details This projection increases the computational cost but results in
-    *  tighter bounds.
-    */
+   // Enable (default) or disable linear projection before bounding.
+   // This projection increases the computational cost but results in tighter
+   // bounds.
   void SetProjectionFlagForBounding(bool proj_) { proj = proj_; }

-   /** @brief Compute piecewise linear bounds for the lexicographically-ordered
-    *  nodal coefficients in @a coeff in 1D/2D/3D.
-    *
-    *  @param[in] rdim    The spatial dimension of the element (1, 2, or 3).
-    *  @param[in] coeff   The vector of lexicographically-ordered coefficients.
-    *                     Should be of size nb^rdim, where nb is the number of
-    *                     bases/nodes in 1D. These coefficients must correspond
-    *                     to the bases type and number of bases, used in the
-    *                     constructor of PLBound.
-    *
-    *  @param[out] intmin The vector of minimum bound for all control points.
-    *  @param[out] intmax The vector of maximum bound for all control points.
-    *                     Both intmin and intmax are of size ncp^rdim, where
-    *                     ncp is the number of control points in 1D, and are
-    *                     ordered lexicographically.
-    */
+   /// Compute piecewise linear bounds for the lexicographically-ordered
+   /// coefficients in @a coeff in 1D/2D/3D.
   void GetNDBounds(const int rdim, const Vector &coeff,
                    Vector &intmin, Vector &intmax) const;

   /// Get number of control points used to compute the bounds.
   int GetNControlPoints() const { return ncp; }
-
-   /// Get 1D control point locations (lexicographic order) in [0,1].
-   const Vector &GetControlPoints() const { return control_points; }
-
-   /** @brief Get lower and upper bounding matrix (ncp^dim x nb^dim)
-    *
-    *  @details The matrices can be used to compute the bounds at control points
-    *           by a simple matrix-vector product with the
-    *           lexicographically-ordered nodal coefficients.
-    *           The resulting output is also lexicographically-ordered.
-    *
-    *  @note These matrices do not account for the linear projection step that
-    *        is optionally done in GetNDBounds before bounding the function.
-    */
-   ///@{
-   DenseMatrix GetLowerBoundMatrix(int dim = 1) const;
-   DenseMatrix GetUpperBoundMatrix(int dim = 1) const;
-   ///@}
-
 private:
-   /** @brief Compute piecewise linear bounds for the lexicographically-ordered
-    *  nodal coefficients in @a coeff in 1D.
-    *  See GetNDBounds for details of the input and output parameters.
-    */
+   /// Compute piecewise linear bounds for the lexicographically-ordered
+   /// coefficients in @a coeff in 1D.
   void Get1DBounds(const Vector &coeff, Vector &intmin, Vector &intmax) const;

-   /** @brief Compute piecewise linear bounds for the lexicographically-ordered
-    *  nodal coefficients in @a coeff in 2D.
-    *  See GetNDBounds for details of the input and output parameters.
-    */
+   /// Compute piecewise linear bounds for the lexicographically-ordered
+   /// coefficients in @a coeff in 2D.
   void Get2DBounds(const Vector &coeff, Vector &intmin, Vector &intmax) const;

-   /** @brief Compute piecewise linear bounds for the lexicographically-ordered
-    *  nodal coefficients in @a coeff in 3D.
-    *  See GetNDBounds for details of the input and output parameters.
-    */
+   /// Compute piecewise linear bounds for the lexicographically-ordered
+   /// coefficients in @a coeff in 3D.
   void Get3DBounds(const Vector &coeff, Vector &intmin, Vector &intmax) const;

-   /** @brief Setup matrix used to compute values at given 1D locations in [0,1]
-    *  for Bernstein bases.
-    */
+   /// Setup matrix used to compute values at given 1D locations in [0,1]
+   /// for Bernstein bases.
   void SetupBernsteinBasisMat(DenseMatrix &basisMat, Vector &nodesBern) const;

   void Setup(const int nb_i, const int ncp_i, const int b_type_i,
@@ -82,25 +82,6 @@ public:
   /// underlying #fes
   int VectorDim() const;

-   /// Copy assignment. Only the data of the base class Vector is copied.
-   /** It is assumed that this object and @a rhs use FiniteElementSpace%s that
-       have the same size.
-
-       @note Defining this method overwrites the implicitly defined copy
-       assignment operator. */
-   ComplexGridFunction &operator=(const ComplexGridFunction &rhs)
-   { return operator=((const Vector &)rhs); }
-
-   /// Copy the data from @a v.
-   /** The size of @a v must be equal to double of the size of the associated
-       FiniteElementSpace #fes. */
-   ComplexGridFunction &operator=(const Vector &v)
-   {
-      MFEM_ASSERT(fes && v.Size() == 2*fes->GetVSize(), "");
-      Vector::operator=(v);
-      return *this;
-   }
-
   /// Assign constant values to the ComplexGridFunction data.
   ComplexGridFunction &operator=(const std::complex<real_t> & value)
   { *gfr = value.real(); *gfi = value.imag(); return *this; }
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ void map_quadrature_data_to_fields_impl(
   }
   else
   {
-      MFEM_ABORT_KERNEL("quadrature data mapping to field is not implemented"
-                        " for this field descriptor");
+      MFEM_ABORT("quadrature data mapping to field is not implemented for"
+                 " this field descriptor");
   }
 }

@@ -169,9 +169,8 @@ void map_quadrature_data_to_fields_tensor_impl_1d(
   }
   else
   {
-      MFEM_ABORT_KERNEL("quadrature data mapping to field is not implemented"
-                        "for this field descriptor with sum factorization on"
-                        " tensor product elements");
+      MFEM_ABORT("quadrature data mapping to field is not implemented for"
+                 " this field descriptor with sum factorization on tensor product elements");
   }
 }

@@ -307,9 +306,8 @@ void map_quadrature_data_to_fields_tensor_impl_2d(
   }
   else
   {
-      MFEM_ABORT_KERNEL("quadrature data mapping to field is not implemented"
-                        " for this field descriptor with sum factorization on"
-                        " tensor product elements");
+      MFEM_ABORT("quadrature data mapping to field is not implemented for"
+                 " this field descriptor with sum factorization on tensor product elements");
   }
 }

@@ -494,9 +492,8 @@ void map_quadrature_data_to_fields_tensor_impl_3d(
   }
   else
   {
-      MFEM_ABORT_KERNEL("quadrature data mapping to field is not implemented"
-                        " for this field descriptor with sum factorization on"
-                        " tensor product elements");
+      MFEM_ABORT("quadrature data mapping to field is not implemented for"
+                 " this field descriptor with sum factorization on tensor product elements");
   }
 }

@@ -663,59 +663,58 @@ const
   #pragma omp critical (DofToQuad)
 #endif
   {
-      // Do not run if the new Dof2Quad is already present, e.g. added in a
-      // previous call or added by another omp thread.
+      // If the new Dof2Quad is already present, e.g. added in a previous call
+      // or added by another omp thread, return.
      if (DofToQuad::SearchArray(dof2quad_array, ir,
-                                 DofToQuad::LEXICOGRAPHIC_FULL) == nullptr)
+                                 DofToQuad::LEXICOGRAPHIC_FULL))
+      { return; }
+
+      // Undo the native ordering which is what FiniteElement::GetDofToQuad
+      // returns.
+      auto *d2q_new = new DofToQuad(d2q);
+      d2q_new->mode = DofToQuad::LEXICOGRAPHIC_FULL;
+      const int nqpt = ir.GetNPoints();
+
+      const int b_dim = (range_type == VECTOR) ? dim : 1;
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < nqpt; i++)
      {
-         // Undo the native ordering which is what FiniteElement::GetDofToQuad
-         // returns.
-         auto *d2q_new = new DofToQuad(d2q);
-         d2q_new->mode = DofToQuad::LEXICOGRAPHIC_FULL;
-         const int nqpt = ir.GetNPoints();
-
-         const int b_dim = (range_type == VECTOR) ? dim : 1;
-
-         for (int i = 0; i < nqpt; i++)
+         for (int d = 0; d < b_dim; d++)
         {
-            for (int d = 0; d < b_dim; d++)
+            for (int j = 0; j < dof; j++)
            {
-               for (int j = 0; j < dof; j++)
-               {
-                  const double val = d2q.B[i + nqpt*(d+b_dim*lex_ordering[j])];
-                  d2q_new->B[i+nqpt*(d+b_dim*j)] = val;
-                  d2q_new->Bt[j+dof*(i+nqpt*d)] = val;
-               }
+               const double val = d2q.B[i + nqpt*(d+b_dim*lex_ordering[j])];
+               d2q_new->B[i+nqpt*(d+b_dim*j)] = val;
+               d2q_new->Bt[j+dof*(i+nqpt*d)] = val;
            }
         }
-
-         const int g_dim = [this]()
-         {
-            switch (deriv_type)
-            {
-               case GRAD: return dim;
-               case DIV: return 1;
-               case CURL: return cdim;
-               default: return 0;
-            }
-         }();
-
-         for (int i = 0; i < nqpt; i++)
-         {
-            for (int d = 0; d < g_dim; d++)
-            {
-               for (int j = 0; j < dof; j++)
-               {
-                  const double val = d2q.G[i + nqpt*(d+g_dim*lex_ordering[j])];
-                  d2q_new->G[i+nqpt*(d+g_dim*j)] = val;
-                  d2q_new->Gt[j+dof*(i+nqpt*d)] = val;
-               }
-            }
-         }
-
-         dof2quad_array.Append(d2q_new);
      }

+      const int g_dim = [this]()
+      {
+         switch (deriv_type)
+         {
+            case GRAD: return dim;
+            case DIV: return 1;
+            case CURL: return cdim;
+            default: return 0;
+         }
+      }();
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < nqpt; i++)
+      {
+         for (int d = 0; d < g_dim; d++)
+         {
+            for (int j = 0; j < dof; j++)
+            {
+               const double val = d2q.G[i + nqpt*(d+g_dim*lex_ordering[j])];
+               d2q_new->G[i+nqpt*(d+g_dim*j)] = val;
+               d2q_new->Gt[j+dof*(i+nqpt*d)] = val;
+            }
+         }
+      }
+
+      dof2quad_array.Append(d2q_new);
   }
 }

@@ -1044,50 +1043,9 @@ void VectorFiniteElement::SetDerivMembers()
   switch (map_type)
   {
      case H_DIV:
-         switch (dim)
-         {
-            case 3: // div: 3D H_DIV -> 3D INTEGRAL
-               deriv_type = DIV;
-               deriv_range_type = SCALAR;
-               deriv_map_type = INTEGRAL;
-               break;
-            case 2: // div: 2D H_DIV -> 2D INTEGRAL
-               deriv_type = DIV;
-               deriv_range_type = SCALAR;
-               deriv_map_type = INTEGRAL;
-               break;
-            default:
-               MFEM_ABORT("Invalid dimension, Dim = " << dim);
-         }
-         break;
-      case H_DIV_R2D:
-         switch (dim)
-         {
-            case 2: // div: 2D H_DIV_R2D -> 2D INTEGRAL
-               deriv_type = DIV;
-               deriv_range_type = SCALAR;
-               deriv_map_type = INTEGRAL;
-               break;
-            case 1: // div: 1D H_DIV_R2D -> 1D INTEGRAL
-               deriv_type = DIV;
-               deriv_range_type = SCALAR;
-               deriv_map_type = INTEGRAL;
-               break;
-            default:
-               MFEM_ABORT("Invalid dimension, Dim = " << dim);
-         }
-         break;
-      case H_DIV_R1D:
-         switch (dim)
-         {
-            case 1: // div: 1D H_DIV_R1D -> 1D INTEGRAL
-               deriv_type = DIV;
-               deriv_range_type = SCALAR;
-               deriv_map_type = INTEGRAL;
-               break;
-            default:
-               MFEM_ABORT("Invalid dimension, Dim = " << dim);
-         }
+         deriv_type = DIV;
+         deriv_range_type = SCALAR;
+         deriv_map_type = INTEGRAL;
         break;
      case H_CURL:
         switch (dim)
@@ -1105,49 +1063,13 @@ void VectorFiniteElement::SetDerivMembers()
               break;
            case 1:
               deriv_type = NONE;
-               deriv_range_type = UNKNOWN_RANGE_TYPE;
-               deriv_map_type = UNKNOWN_MAP_TYPE;
+               deriv_range_type = SCALAR;
+               deriv_map_type = INTEGRAL;
               break;
            default:
               MFEM_ABORT("Invalid dimension, Dim = " << dim);
         }
         break;
-      case H_CURL_R2D:
-         switch (dim)
-         {
-            case 2:
-               // curl: 2D H_CURL_R2D -> H_DIV_R2D
-               deriv_type = CURL;
-               deriv_range_type = VECTOR;
-               deriv_map_type = H_DIV_R2D;
-               break;
-            case 1:
-               // curl: 1D H_CURL_R2D -> H_DIV_R2D
-               deriv_type = CURL;
-               deriv_range_type = VECTOR;
-               deriv_map_type = H_DIV_R2D;
-               break;
-            default:
-               MFEM_ABORT("Invalid dimension, Dim = " << dim);
-         }
-         break;
-      case H_CURL_R1D:
-         switch (dim)
-         {
-            case 1:
-               // curl: 1D H_CURL_R1D -> H_DIV_R1D
-               deriv_type = CURL;
-               deriv_range_type = VECTOR;
-               deriv_map_type = H_DIV_R1D;
-               break;
-            case 0:
-               deriv_type = NONE;
-               deriv_range_type = UNKNOWN_RANGE_TYPE;
-               deriv_map_type = UNKNOWN_MAP_TYPE;
-            default:
-               MFEM_ABORT("Invalid dimension, Dim = " << dim);
-         }
-         break;
      default:
         MFEM_ABORT("Invalid MapType = " << map_type);
   }
@@ -295,20 +295,10 @@ public:
                          $ u(x) = (1/w) \hat u(\hat x) $ */
      H_DIV,     /**< For vector fields; preserves surface integrals of the
                          normal component $ u(x) = (J/w) \hat u(\hat x) $ */
-      H_CURL,    /**< For vector fields; preserves line integrals of the
+      H_CURL     /**< For vector fields; preserves line integrals of the
                          tangential component
                          $ u(x) = J^{-t} \hat u(\hat x) $ (square J),
                          $ u(x) = J(J^t J)^{-1} \hat u(\hat x) $ (general J) */
-      H_DIV_R2D, /**< For 3-component vector fields in 2D; equivalent to a
-                          direct sum of an H_DIV basis and an INTEGRAL basis */
-      H_CURL_R2D,/**< For 3-component vector fields in 2D; equivalent to a
-                          direct sum of an H_CURL basis and a VALUE basis */
-      H_DIV_R1D, /**< For 3-component vector fields in 1D; equivalent to a
-                          direct sum of a VALUE basis and a pair of INTEGRAL
-                          bases */
-      H_CURL_R1D /**< For 3-component vector fields in 1D; equivalent to a
-                          direct sum of an INTEGRAL basis and a pair of VALUE
-                          bases */
   };

   /** @brief Enumeration for DerivType: defines which derivative method
@@ -340,28 +330,12 @@ public:
   int GetDim() const { return dim; }

   /** @brief Returns the vector dimension for vector-valued finite elements,
-       which is also the dimension of the interpolation operation and the
-       width of the DenseMatrix argument in
-       CalcVShape(const IntegrationPoint &ip, DenseMatrix &shape). */
+       which is also the dimension of the interpolation operation. */
   int GetRangeDim() const { return vdim; }

-   /** @brief Returns the vector dimension, in physical space, for
-       vector-valued finite elements, which is also the width of the
-       DenseMatrix argument in
-       CalcPhysVShape(ElementTransformation &Trans, DenseMatrix &shape). */
-   virtual int GetPhysRangeDim(int /* space_dim */) const { return vdim; }
-
-   /** Returns the dimension of the curl for vector-valued finite elements,
-       which is also the width of the DenseMatrix argument in
-       CalcCurlShape(const IntegrationPoint &ip, DenseMatrix &curl_shape). */
+   /// Returns the dimension of the curl for vector-valued finite elements.
   int GetCurlDim() const { return cdim; }

-   /** Returns the dimension, in physical space, of the curl for vector-valued
-       finite elements, which is also the width of the DenseMatrix argument in
-       CalcPhysCurlShape(ElementTransformation &Trans, DenseMatrix &curl_shape).
-   */
-   virtual int GetPhysCurlDim(int /* space_dim */) const { return cdim; }
-
   /// Returns the Geometry::Type of the reference element.
   Geometry::Type GetGeomType() const { return geom_type; }

@@ -1016,8 +990,6 @@ protected:
 public:
   VectorFiniteElement(int D, Geometry::Type G, int Do, int O, int M,
                       int F = FunctionSpace::Pk);
-
-   int GetPhysRangeDim(int space_dim) const override { return space_dim; }
 };

 /// @brief Class for computing 1D special polynomials and their associated basis
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ void H1_TriangleElement::CalcHessian(const IntegrationPoint &ip,
   Vector   shape_x(p + 1),   shape_y(p + 1),   shape_l(p + 1);
   Vector  dshape_x(p + 1),  dshape_y(p + 1),  dshape_l(p + 1);
   Vector ddshape_x(p + 1), ddshape_y(p + 1), ddshape_l(p + 1);
-   DenseMatrix ddu(dof, (dim*(dim+1))/2);
+   DenseMatrix ddu(dof, dim);
 #endif

   poly1d.CalcBasis(p, ip.x, shape_x, dshape_x, ddshape_x);
@@ -2531,7 +2531,7 @@ void ND_FuentesPyramidElement::calcCurlBasis(const int p,

 ND_R1D_PointElement::ND_R1D_PointElement(int p)
   : VectorFiniteElement(1, Geometry::POINT, 2, p,
-                         H_CURL_R1D, FunctionSpace::Pk)
+                         H_CURL, FunctionSpace::Pk)
 {
   // VectorFiniteElement::SetDerivMembers doesn't support 0D H_CURL elements
   // so we mimic a 1D element and then correct the dimension here.
@@ -2562,7 +2562,7 @@ ND_R1D_SegmentElement::ND_R1D_SegmentElement(const int p,
                                             const int cb_type,
                                             const int ob_type)
   : VectorFiniteElement(1, Geometry::SEGMENT, 3 * p + 2, p,
-                         H_CURL_R1D, FunctionSpace::Pk),
+                         H_CURL, FunctionSpace::Pk),
     dof2tk(dof),
     cbasis1d(poly1d.GetBasis(p, VerifyClosed(cb_type))),
     obasis1d(poly1d.GetBasis(p - 1, VerifyOpen(ob_type)))
@@ -2839,7 +2839,7 @@ ND_R2D_SegmentElement::ND_R2D_SegmentElement(const int p,
                                             const int cb_type,
                                             const int ob_type)
   : VectorFiniteElement(1, Geometry::SEGMENT, 2 * p + 1, p,
-                         H_CURL_R2D, FunctionSpace::Pk),
+                         H_CURL, FunctionSpace::Pk),
     dof2tk(dof),
     cbasis1d(poly1d.GetBasis(p, VerifyClosed(cb_type))),
     obasis1d(poly1d.GetBasis(p - 1, VerifyOpen(ob_type)))
@@ -3023,7 +3023,7 @@ void ND_R2D_SegmentElement::Project(VectorCoefficient &vc,
 ND_R2D_FiniteElement::ND_R2D_FiniteElement(int p, Geometry::Type G, int Do,
                                           const real_t *tk_fe)
   : VectorFiniteElement(2, G, Do, p,
-                         H_CURL_R2D, FunctionSpace::Pk),
+                         H_CURL, FunctionSpace::Pk),
     tk(tk_fe),
     dof_map(dof),
     dof2tk(dof)
@@ -663,9 +663,6 @@ public:
                         const int cb_type = BasisType::GaussLobatto,
                         const int ob_type = BasisType::GaussLegendre);

-   int GetPhysRangeDim(int space_dim) const override { return 2; }
-   int GetPhysCurlDim(int space_dim) const override { return 1; }
-
   void CalcVShape(const IntegrationPoint &ip,
                   DenseMatrix &shape) const override;

@@ -708,9 +705,6 @@ private:
                           DenseMatrix &I) const;

 public:
-   int GetPhysRangeDim(int space_dim) const override { return 3; }
-   int GetPhysCurlDim(int space_dim) const override { return 3; }
-
   using FiniteElement::CalcVShape;
   using FiniteElement::CalcPhysCurlShape;

@@ -2006,7 +2006,7 @@ RT_R1D_SegmentElement::RT_R1D_SegmentElement(const int p,
                                             const int cb_type,
                                             const int ob_type)
   : VectorFiniteElement(1, Geometry::SEGMENT, 3 * p + 4, p + 1,
-                         H_DIV_R1D, FunctionSpace::Pk),
+                         H_DIV, FunctionSpace::Pk),
     dof2nk(dof),
     cbasis1d(poly1d.GetBasis(p + 1, VerifyClosed(cb_type))),
     obasis1d(poly1d.GetBasis(p, VerifyOpen(ob_type)))
@@ -2281,7 +2281,7 @@ const real_t RT_R2D_SegmentElement::nk[2] = { 0.,1.};
 RT_R2D_SegmentElement::RT_R2D_SegmentElement(const int p,
                                             const int ob_type)
   : VectorFiniteElement(1, Geometry::SEGMENT, p + 1, p + 1,
-                         H_DIV_R2D, FunctionSpace::Pk),
+                         H_DIV, FunctionSpace::Pk),
     dof2nk(dof),
     obasis1d(poly1d.GetBasis(p, VerifyOpen(ob_type)))
 {
@@ -2392,7 +2392,7 @@ void RT_R2D_SegmentElement::LocalInterpolation(const VectorFiniteElement &cfe,
 RT_R2D_FiniteElement::RT_R2D_FiniteElement(int p, Geometry::Type G, int Do,
                                           const real_t *nk_fe)
   : VectorFiniteElement(2, G, Do, p + 1,
-                         H_DIV_R2D, FunctionSpace::Pk),
+                         H_DIV, FunctionSpace::Pk),
     nk(nk_fe),
     dof_map(dof),
     dof2nk(dof)
@@ -510,9 +510,6 @@ public:
   RT_R2D_SegmentElement(const int p,
                         const int ob_type = BasisType::GaussLegendre);

-   int GetPhysRangeDim(int space_dim) const override { return 2; }
-   int GetPhysCurlDim(int space_dim) const override { return 0; }
-
   void CalcVShape(const IntegrationPoint &ip,
                   DenseMatrix &shape) const override;

@@ -550,9 +547,6 @@ private:
                           DenseMatrix &I) const;

 public:
-   int GetPhysRangeDim(int space_dim) const override { return 3; }
-   int GetPhysCurlDim(int space_dim) const override { return 0; }
-
   using FiniteElement::CalcVShape;

   void CalcVShape(ElementTransformation &Trans,
@@ -282,7 +282,14 @@ int FiniteElementSpace::DofToVDof(int dof, int vd, int ndofs_) const
 void FiniteElementSpace::AdjustVDofs(Array<int> &vdofs)
 {
   int n = vdofs.Size(), *vdof = vdofs;
-   for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { vdof[i] = UnsignIndex(vdof[i]); }
+   for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
+   {
+      int j;
+      if ((j = vdof[i]) < 0)
+      {
+         vdof[i] = -1-j;
+      }
+   }
 }

 void FiniteElementSpace::GetElementVDofs(int i, Array<int> &vdofs,
@@ -476,14 +483,13 @@ void FiniteElementSpace::ReorderElementToDofTable()
   for (int k = 0, dof_counter = 0; k < nnz; k++)
   {
      const int sdof = J[k]; // signed dof
-      const int dof = UnsignIndex(sdof);
+      const int dof = (sdof < 0) ? -1-sdof : sdof;
      int new_dof = dof_marker[dof];
      if (new_dof < 0)
      {
         dof_marker[dof] = new_dof = dof_counter++;
      }
-      // Preserve the sign of sdof
-      J[k] = (sdof < 0) ? FlipIndexSign(new_dof) : new_dof;
+      J[k] = (sdof < 0) ? -1-new_dof : new_dof; // preserve the sign of sdof
   }
 }

@@ -541,28 +547,17 @@ void MarkDofs(const Array<int> &dofs, Array<int> &mark_array)
 {
   for (auto d : dofs)
   {
-      mark_array[UnsignIndex(d)] = -1;
+      mark_array[d >= 0 ? d : -1 - d] = -1;
   }
 }

 void FiniteElementSpace::GetEssentialVDofs(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
                                           Array<int> &ess_vdofs,
-                                           int component,
-                                           bool overwrite) const
+                                           int component) const
 {
   Array<int> dofs;
-
-   if (overwrite)
-   {
-      ess_vdofs.SetSize(GetVSize());
-      ess_vdofs = 0;
-   }
-   else
-   {
-      MFEM_ASSERT(ess_vdofs.Size() == GetVSize(),
-                  "ess_vdofs size is not equal to FESpaces GetVSize().");
-   }
-
+   ess_vdofs.SetSize(GetVSize());
+   ess_vdofs = 0;
   for (int i = 0; i < GetNBE(); i++)
   {
      if (bdr_attr_is_ess[GetBdrAttribute(i)-1])
@@ -674,54 +669,6 @@ void FiniteElementSpace::GetEssentialTrueDofs(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
   MarkerToList(ess_tdofs, ess_tdof_list);
 }

-void FiniteElementSpace::GetEssentialVDofsFromComponent(
-   const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
-   const Array2D<bool> &component,
-   Array<int> &ess_vdofs) const
-{
-   MFEM_ASSERT(component.NumCols() == vdim,
-               "Number of columns of component was not equal to FESpace vdim");
-   MFEM_ASSERT(component.NumRows() == bdr_attr_is_ess.Size(),
-               "Number of rows of component was not equal to bdr_attr_is_ess.Size()");
-
-   Array<int> bdr_attr_is_ess_single_comp;
-   bdr_attr_is_ess_single_comp.SetSize(bdr_attr_is_ess.Size());
-
-   for (int i = 0; i < vdim; i++)
-   {
-      const bool overwrite = (i == 0);
-      bdr_attr_is_ess_single_comp = 0;
-      for (int j = 0; j < bdr_attr_is_ess.Size(); j++)
-      {
-         if (bdr_attr_is_ess[j] && component(j, i))
-         {
-            bdr_attr_is_ess_single_comp[j] = bdr_attr_is_ess[j];
-         }
-      }
-      GetEssentialVDofs(bdr_attr_is_ess_single_comp, ess_vdofs, i, overwrite);
-   }
-}
-
-void FiniteElementSpace::GetEssentialTrueDofs(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
-                                              Array<int> &ess_tdof_list,
-                                              const Array2D<bool> &component)
-{
-   Array<int> ess_vdofs, ess_tdofs;
-
-   GetEssentialVDofsFromComponent(bdr_attr_is_ess, component, ess_vdofs);
-
-   const SparseMatrix *R = GetConformingRestriction();
-   if (!R)
-   {
-      ess_tdofs.MakeRef(ess_vdofs);
-   }
-   else
-   {
-      R->BooleanMult(ess_vdofs, ess_tdofs);
-   }
-   MarkerToList(ess_tdofs, ess_tdof_list);
-}
-
 void FiniteElementSpace::GetBoundaryTrueDofs(Array<int> &boundary_dofs,
                                             int component)
 {
@@ -984,7 +931,7 @@ void FiniteElementSpace::AddDependencies(
            if (std::abs(coef) > 1e-12)
            {
               const int mdof = master_dofs[j];
-               if (mdof != sdof && mdof != FlipIndexSign(sdof))
+               if (mdof != sdof && mdof != (-1-sdof))
               {
                  deps.Add(sdof, mdof, coef);
               }
@@ -1077,7 +1024,7 @@ int FiniteElementSpace::GetDegenerateFaceDofs(int index, Array<int> &dofs,
   // FiniteElementSpace::AddDependencies.

   Array<int> edof;
-   int order = GetEdgeDofs(FlipIndexSign(index), edof, variant);
+   int order = GetEdgeDofs(-1 - index, edof, variant);

   int nv = fec->DofForGeometry(Geometry::POINT);
   int ne = fec->DofForGeometry(Geometry::SEGMENT);
@@ -1763,8 +1710,8 @@ SparseMatrix *FiniteElementSpace::RefinementMatrix_main(

         for (int i = 0; i < fine_ldof; i++)
         {
-            const int r = DofToVDof(dofs[i], vd);
-            const int m = UnsignIndex(r);
+            int r = DofToVDof(dofs[i], vd);
+            int m = (r >= 0) ? r : (-1 - r);

            if (!mark[m])
            {
@@ -1825,7 +1772,7 @@ SparseMatrix *FiniteElementSpace::VariableOrderRefinementMatrix(
         for (int i = 0; i < fine_ldof; i++)
         {
            const int r = DofToVDof(dofs[i], vd);
-            const int m = UnsignIndex(r);
+            int m = (r >= 0) ? r : (-1 - r);

            if (!mark[m])
            {
@@ -2535,8 +2482,8 @@ SparseMatrix* FiniteElementSpace::DerefinementMatrix(int old_ndofs,
         {
            if (!std::isfinite(lR(i, 0))) { continue; }

-            const int r = DofToVDof(dofs[i], vd);
-            const int m = UnsignIndex(r);
+            int r = DofToVDof(dofs[i], vd);
+            int m = (r >= 0) ? r : (-1 - r);

            if (is_dg || !mark[m])
            {
@@ -3254,7 +3201,7 @@ void FiniteElementSpace::CalcEdgeFaceVarOrders(
            else
            {
               // degenerate face (i.e., edge-face constraint)
-               slave_orders |= edge_orders[FlipIndexSign(slave.index)];
+               slave_orders |= edge_orders[-1 - slave.index];
            }
         }

@@ -3993,16 +3940,6 @@ const FiniteElement *FiniteElementSpace::GetBE(int i) const
   return BE;
 }

-const FiniteElement *FiniteElementSpace::GetTypicalBE() const
-{
-   if (mesh->GetNBE() > 0) { return GetBE(0); }
-
-   Geometry::Type geom = mesh->GetTypicalFaceGeometry();
-   const FiniteElement *be = fec->FiniteElementForGeometry(geom);
-   MFEM_VERIFY(be != nullptr, "Could not determine a typical BE!");
-   return be;
-}
-
 const FiniteElement *FiniteElementSpace::GetFaceElement(int i) const
 {
   MFEM_VERIFY(!IsVariableOrder(), "not implemented");
@@ -4033,11 +3970,6 @@ const FiniteElement *FiniteElementSpace::GetFaceElement(int i) const
   return fe;
 }

-const FiniteElement *FiniteElementSpace::GetTypicalFaceElement() const
-{
-   return fec->FiniteElementForGeometry(mesh->GetTypicalFaceGeometry());
-}
-
 const FiniteElement *FiniteElementSpace::GetEdgeElement(int i,
                                                        int variant) const
 {
@@ -595,29 +595,6 @@ protected:
   virtual void CopyProlongationAndRestriction(const FiniteElementSpace &fes,
                                               const Array<int> *perm);

-   /** @brief Helper function to mark essential VDofs based on a component
-       matrix specifying which vector components are essential on each boundary
-       attribute.
-
-       This method loops over all vector dimensions (vdim) and calls
-       GetEssentialVDofs() for each component where the corresponding entry
-       in the @a component matrix is true.
-
-       @param[in] bdr_attr_is_ess Array marking which boundary attributes are
-                                  essential (1 for essential, 0 otherwise).
-       @param[in] component 2D boolean array of size (num_bdr_attributes x vdim)
-                           indicating which vector components are essential for
-                           each boundary attribute. component(j,i) == true means
-                           component i is essential on boundary attribute j.
-       @param[out] ess_vdofs Marker array for essential VDofs. On exit,
-                            ess_vdofs[i] != 0 if VDof i is essential.
-
-       @note This is a helper method used by GetEssentialTrueDofs() when
-             component-wise boundary conditions are specified. */
-   void GetEssentialVDofsFromComponent(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
-                                       const Array2D<bool> &component,
-                                       Array<int> &ess_vdofs) const;
-
 public:


@@ -862,7 +839,7 @@ public:
       Note: For vector-valued elements, the results pads up the range dimension
       to the spatial dimension. E.g., consider a stack of 5 vector-valued
       elements each representing 2D vectors, living in a 3 dimensional space.
-       Then this function would give 15, not 10.
+       Then this fucntion would give 15, not 10.
       */
   int GetVectorDim() const;

@@ -1173,7 +1150,7 @@ public:

   /// Helper to return the DOF associated with a sign encoded DOF
   static inline int DecodeDof(int dof)
-   { return UnsignIndex(dof); }
+   { return (dof >= 0) ? dof : (-1 - dof); }

   /// Helper to determine the DOF and sign of a sign encoded DOF
   static inline int DecodeDof(int dof, real_t& sign)
@@ -1346,24 +1323,12 @@ public:
        associated with i'th boundary face in the mesh object. */
   const FiniteElement *GetBE(int i) const;

-   /// @brief Return a "typical" boundary element.
-   ///
-   /// This can be used in situations where the local mesh partition may be
-   /// empty.
-   const FiniteElement *GetTypicalBE() const;
-
   /** @brief Returns pointer to the FiniteElement in the FiniteElementCollection
        associated with i'th face in the mesh object.  Faces in this case refer
        to the MESHDIM-1 primitive so in 2D they are segments and in 1D they are
        points.*/
   const FiniteElement *GetFaceElement(int i) const;

-   /// @brief Return a "typical" face element.
-   ///
-   /// This can be used in situations where the local mesh partition may be
-   /// empty.
-   const FiniteElement *GetTypicalFaceElement() const;
-
   /** @brief Returns pointer to the FiniteElement in the FiniteElementCollection
        associated with i'th edge in the mesh object. */
   const FiniteElement *GetEdgeElement(int i, int variant = 0) const;
@@ -1379,17 +1344,11 @@ public:

   /** @brief Mark degrees of freedom associated with boundary elements with
       the specified boundary attributes (marked in 'bdr_attr_is_ess').
-
       For spaces with 'vdim' > 1, the 'component' parameter can be used
-       to restricts the marked vDOFs to the specified component.
-       If overwrite is set to false then values in ess_vdofs are preserved
-       and not reset which allows the accumulation of multiple DOFs into a single array.
-       However, the assumption here is that ess_vdofs is set to
-       the correct size already.*/
+       to restricts the marked vDOFs to the specified component. */
   virtual void GetEssentialVDofs(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
                                  Array<int> &ess_vdofs,
-                                  int component = -1,
-                                  bool overwrite = true) const;
+                                  int component = -1) const;

   /** @brief Get a list of essential true dofs, ess_tdof_list, corresponding to the
       boundary attributes marked in the array bdr_attr_is_ess.
@@ -1399,20 +1358,6 @@ public:
                                     Array<int> &ess_tdof_list,
                                     int component = -1) const;

-
-   /** @brief Get a list of essential true dofs, ess_tdof_list, corresponding to the
-       boundary attributes marked in the array bdr_attr_is_ess.
-
-       For spaces with 'vdim' > 1, the 'component' array can be used
-       to restricts the marked tDOFs per boundary to the specified components.
-       If vdim > 1 then one can specify per boundary attribute which components
-       on a boundary are essential by assigning a value of true to its location
-       in the component array.
-       The component has dimensions number of boundary attributes x vdim. */
-   virtual void GetEssentialTrueDofs(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
-                                     Array<int> &ess_tdof_list,
-                                     const Array2D<bool> &component);
-
   /** @brief Get a list of all boundary true dofs, @a boundary_dofs. For spaces
       with 'vdim' > 1, the 'component' parameter can be used to restricts the
       marked tDOFs to the specified component. Equivalent to
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <algorithm>
-#include <queue>

 namespace mfem
 {
@@ -345,6 +344,27 @@ void GridFunction::ComputeFlux(BilinearFormIntegrator &blfi,
   }
 }

+int GridFunction::VectorDim() const
+{
+   const FiniteElement *fe = fes->GetTypicalFE();
+   if (!fe || fe->GetRangeType() == FiniteElement::SCALAR)
+   {
+      return fes->GetVDim();
+   }
+   return fes->GetVDim()*std::max(fes->GetMesh()->SpaceDimension(),
+                                  fe->GetRangeDim());
+}
+
+int GridFunction::CurlDim() const
+{
+   const FiniteElement *fe = fes->GetTypicalFE();
+   if (!fe || fe->GetRangeType() == FiniteElement::SCALAR)
+   {
+      return 2 * fes->GetMesh()->SpaceDimension() - 3;
+   }
+   return fes->GetVDim()*fe->GetCurlDim();
+}
+
 void GridFunction::GetTrueDofs(Vector &tv) const
 {
   const SparseMatrix *R = fes->GetRestrictionMatrix();
@@ -2029,18 +2049,6 @@ void GridFunction::AccumulateAndCountBdrValues(
   Coefficient *coeff[], VectorCoefficient *vcoeff, const Array<int> &attr,
   Array<int> &values_counter)
 {
-   if (vcoeff)
-   {
-      MFEM_VERIFY(fes->GetVDim() == vcoeff->GetVDim(),
-                  "vcoeff vdim != fes VDim");
-      MFEM_VERIFY(fes->GetTypicalBE()->GetMapType() == FiniteElement::VALUE &&
-                  fes->GetTypicalBE()->GetRangeType() ==
-                  FiniteElement::SCALAR,
-                  "Can only call ProjectBdrCoefficient on scalar value-type "
-                  "boundary elements. "
-                  "Did you intended to call ProjectBdrCoefficientNormal or "
-                  "ProjectBdrCoefficientTangent for vector finite elements?");
-   }
   Array<int> vdofs;
   Vector vc;

@@ -2193,9 +2201,6 @@ void GridFunction::AccumulateAndCountBdrTangentValues(
   VectorCoefficient &vcoeff, const Array<int> &bdr_attr,
   Array<int> &values_counter)
 {
-   MFEM_VERIFY(fes->GetTypicalBE()->GetPhysRangeDim(
-                  fes->GetMesh()->SpaceDimension()) == vcoeff.GetVDim(),
-               "vcoeff vdim != PhysRangeDim");
   const FiniteElement *fe;
   ElementTransformation *T;
   Array<int> dofs;
@@ -2349,9 +2354,6 @@ void GridFunction::ProjectDeltaCoefficient(DeltaCoefficient &delta_coeff,

 void GridFunction::ProjectCoefficient(Coefficient &coeff, ProjectType type)
 {
-   MFEM_VERIFY(
-      VectorDim() == 1,
-      "Cannot project scalar Coefficient onto vector GridFunction");
   DeltaCoefficient *delta_c = dynamic_cast<DeltaCoefficient *>(&coeff);
   DofTransformation doftrans;
   Array<int> vdofs;
@@ -2627,7 +2629,6 @@ void GridFunction::ProjectCoefficient(
 void GridFunction::ProjectCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &vcoeff,
                                      ProjectType type)
 {
-   MFEM_VERIFY(VectorDim() == vcoeff.GetVDim(), "vcoeff vdim != VectorDim()");
   Array<int> vdofs;
   Vector vals;
   DofTransformation doftrans;
@@ -2943,7 +2944,6 @@ void GridFunction::ProjectCoefficientElementL2(VectorCoefficient &vcoeff)
 void GridFunction::ProjectCoefficient(
   VectorCoefficient &vcoeff, Array<int> &dofs)
 {
-   MFEM_VERIFY(VectorDim() == vcoeff.GetVDim(), "vcoeff vdim != VectorDim()");
   int el = -1;
   ElementTransformation *T = NULL;
   const FiniteElement *fe = NULL;
@@ -2973,7 +2973,6 @@ void GridFunction::ProjectCoefficient(

 void GridFunction::ProjectCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &vcoeff, int attribute)
 {
-   MFEM_VERIFY(VectorDim() == vcoeff.GetVDim(), "vcoeff vdim != VectorDim()");
   int i;
   Array<int> vdofs;
   Vector vals;
@@ -3033,7 +3032,6 @@ void GridFunction::ProjectCoefficient(Coefficient *coeff[])
 void GridFunction::ProjectDiscCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &coeff,
                                          Array<int> &dof_attr)
 {
-   MFEM_VERIFY(VectorDim() == coeff.GetVDim(), "coeff vdim != VectorDim()");
   Array<int> vdofs;
   Vector vals;

@@ -3065,7 +3063,6 @@ void GridFunction::ProjectDiscCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &coeff,

 void GridFunction::ProjectDiscCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &coeff)
 {
-   MFEM_VERIFY(VectorDim() == coeff.GetVDim(), "coeff vdim != VectorDim()");
   Array<int> dof_attr;
   ProjectDiscCoefficient(coeff, dof_attr);
 }
@@ -3075,10 +3072,6 @@ void GridFunction::ProjectDiscCoefficient(Coefficient &coeff, AvgType type)
   // Harmonic  (x1 ... xn) = [ (1/x1 + ... + 1/xn) / n ]^-1.
   // Arithmetic(x1 ... xn) = (x1 + ... + xn) / n.

-   MFEM_VERIFY(
-      VectorDim() == 1,
-      "Cannot project a scalar coefficient onto a vector GridFunction");
-
   Array<int> zones_per_vdof;
   AccumulateAndCountZones(coeff, type, zones_per_vdof);

@@ -3088,7 +3081,6 @@ void GridFunction::ProjectDiscCoefficient(Coefficient &coeff, AvgType type)
 void GridFunction::ProjectDiscCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &coeff,
                                          AvgType type)
 {
-   MFEM_VERIFY(VectorDim() == coeff.GetVDim(), "coeff vdim != VectorDim()");
   Array<int> zones_per_vdof;
   AccumulateAndCountZones(coeff, type, zones_per_vdof);

@@ -3144,33 +3136,52 @@ void GridFunction::ProjectBdrCoefficient(Coefficient *coeff[],
 }

 void GridFunction::ProjectBdrCoefficientNormal(
-   Coefficient *coeff, VectorCoefficient *vcoeff, const Array<int> &bdr_attr)
+   VectorCoefficient &vcoeff, const Array<int> &bdr_attr)
 {
-   MFEM_VERIFY(fes->GetVDim() == 1, "fespace VDim != 1");
-   MFEM_VERIFY(fes->GetTypicalBE()->GetRangeType() == FiniteElement::SCALAR &&
-               fes->GetTypicalBE()->GetMapType() == FiniteElement::INTEGRAL,
-               "Not an RT FE space!");
-   if (vcoeff)
-   {
-      MFEM_VERIFY(vcoeff->GetVDim() == fes->GetMesh()->SpaceDimension(),
-                  "vcoeff vdim (" << vcoeff->GetVDim()
-                  << ") != SpaceDimension ("
-                  << fes->GetMesh()->SpaceDimension() << ")");
-   }
+#if 0
+   // implementation for the case when the face dofs are integrals of the
+   // normal component.
+   const FiniteElement *fe;
+   ElementTransformation *T;
+   Array<int> dofs;
+   int dim = vcoeff.GetVDim();
+   Vector vc(dim), nor(dim), lvec, shape;

+   for (int i = 0; i < fes->GetNBE(); i++)
+   {
+      if (bdr_attr[fes->GetBdrAttribute(i)-1] == 0)
+      {
+         continue;
+      }
+      fe = fes->GetBE(i);
+      T = fes->GetBdrElementTransformation(i);
+      int intorder = 2*fe->GetOrder(); // !!!
+      const IntegrationRule &ir = IntRules.Get(fe->GetGeomType(), intorder);
+      int nd = fe->GetDof();
+      lvec.SetSize(nd);
+      shape.SetSize(nd);
+      lvec = 0.0;
+      for (int j = 0; j < ir.GetNPoints(); j++)
+      {
+         const IntegrationPoint &ip = ir.IntPoint(j);
+         T->SetIntPoint(&ip);
+         vcoeff.Eval(vc, *T, ip);
+         CalcOrtho(T->Jacobian(), nor);
+         fe->CalcShape(ip, shape);
+         lvec.Add(ip.weight * (vc * nor), shape);
+      }
+      fes->GetBdrElementDofs(i, dofs);
+      SetSubVector(dofs, lvec);
+   }
+#else
   // implementation for the case when the face dofs are scaled point
   // values of the normal component.
   const FiniteElement *fe;
   ElementTransformation *T;
   Array<int> dofs;
-   Vector vc, nor, lvec;
+   int dim = vcoeff.GetVDim();
+   Vector vc(dim), nor(dim), lvec;
   DofTransformation doftrans;
-   if (vcoeff)
-   {
-      const int dim = vcoeff->GetVDim();
-      vc.SetSize(dim);
-      nor.SetSize(dim);
-   }

   for (int i = 0; i < fes->GetNBE(); i++)
   {
@@ -3186,22 +3197,15 @@ void GridFunction::ProjectBdrCoefficientNormal(
      {
         const IntegrationPoint &ip = ir.IntPoint(j);
         T->SetIntPoint(&ip);
-         if (coeff)
-         {
-            const real_t c = coeff->Eval(*T, ip);
-            lvec(j) = c * T->Weight();
-         }
-         else if (vcoeff)
-         {
-            vcoeff->Eval(vc, *T, ip);
-            CalcOrtho(T->Jacobian(), nor);
-            lvec(j) = (vc * nor);
-         }
+         vcoeff.Eval(vc, *T, ip);
+         CalcOrtho(T->Jacobian(), nor);
+         lvec(j) = (vc * nor);
      }
      fes->GetBdrElementDofs(i, dofs, doftrans);
      doftrans.TransformPrimal(lvec);
      SetSubVector(dofs, lvec);
   }
+#endif
 }

 void GridFunction::ProjectBdrCoefficientTangent(
@@ -5002,14 +5006,6 @@ real_t ExtrudeCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation &T,
   return sol_in.Eval(*T_in, ip);
 }

-void VectorExtrudeCoefficient::Eval(Vector &v, ElementTransformation &T,
-                                    const IntegrationPoint &ip)
-{
-   ElementTransformation *T_in =
-      mesh_in->GetElementTransformation(T.ElementNo / n);
-   T_in->SetIntPoint(&ip);
-   sol_in.Eval(v, *T_in, ip);
-}

 GridFunction *Extrude1DGridFunction(Mesh *mesh, Mesh *mesh2d,
                                    GridFunction *sol, const int ny)
@@ -5060,17 +5056,10 @@ GridFunction *Extrude1DGridFunction(Mesh *mesh, Mesh *mesh2d,
      return NULL;
   }
   FiniteElementSpace *solfes2d;
-   const int vdim = sol->FESpace()->GetVDim();
-   solfes2d = new FiniteElementSpace(mesh2d, solfec2d, vdim);
+   // assuming sol is scalar
+   solfes2d = new FiniteElementSpace(mesh2d, solfec2d);
   sol2d = new GridFunction(solfes2d);
   sol2d->MakeOwner(solfec2d);
-   if (vdim > 1)
-   {
-      VectorGridFunctionCoefficient vcsol(sol);
-      VectorExtrudeCoefficient vc2d(mesh, vcsol, ny);
-      sol2d->ProjectCoefficient(vc2d);
-   }
-   else
   {
      GridFunctionCoefficient csol(sol);
      ExtrudeCoefficient c2d(mesh, csol, ny);
@@ -5128,103 +5117,6 @@ void GridFunction::GetElementBoundsAtControlPoints(const int elem,
   }
 }

-void GridFunction::GetElementBoundsAtControlPoints(const int elem,
-                                                   const PLBound &plb,
-                                                   const Vector &ref_range,
-                                                   const int vdim,
-                                                   Vector &lower, Vector &upper,
-                                                   Vector &control_pos) const
-{
-   const FiniteElement *fe = fes->GetFE(elem);
-   const IntegrationRule ir_in = fe->GetNodes();
-   IntegrationRule ir_new(ir_in.GetNPoints());
-   const int dim = fes->GetMesh()->Dimension();
-   const L2_FECollection *l2fec = dynamic_cast<const L2_FECollection *>
-                                  (fes->FEColl());
-
-   const TensorBasisElement *tbe =
-      dynamic_cast<const TensorBasisElement *>(fe);
-   MFEM_VERIFY(tbe != NULL, "TensorBasis FiniteElement expected.");
-
-   const Array<int> &dof_map = tbe->GetDofMap();
-   bool lexico = (dof_map.Size() == 0);
-   bool bern = (tbe->GetBasisType() == BasisType::Positive);
-   bool h1   = (l2fec == nullptr);
-
-   Vector loc_data; // gridfunction values
-   // Construct an integration rule to evaluate the gridfunction in
-   // subinterval.
-   for (int i = 0; i < ir_in.GetNPoints(); i++)
-   {
-      IntegrationPoint &ip_new = ir_new.IntPoint(i);
-      const IntegrationPoint &ip_old =
-         ir_in.IntPoint((lexico || bern) ? i : dof_map[i]);
-      Vector ip_coord(dim);
-      ip_old.Get(ip_coord.GetData(), dim);
-      for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++)
-      {
-         ip_coord(d) = ref_range(d) +
-                       (ref_range(dim+d) - ref_range(d)) * ip_coord(d);
-      }
-      ip_new.Set(ip_coord.GetData(), dim);
-   }
-   GetValues(elem, ir_new, loc_data, vdim);
-   // At this point, the loc_data contains function values ordered
-   // lexicographically, unless we are using Bernstein bases.
-   // For Bernstein, we need to project and get coefficients first.
-
-   // For bernstein, we get coefficients corresponding to these function values
-   if (bern)
-   {
-      int bt = 4; // BasisType::ClosedUniform
-      int o = fe->GetOrder();
-      DenseMatrix projmat;
-      NodalTensorFiniteElement *ntfe = nullptr;
-      if (dim == 1)
-      {
-         if (h1) { ntfe = new H1_SegmentElement(o, bt); }
-         else    { ntfe = new L2_SegmentElement(o, bt); }
-      }
-      else if (dim == 2)
-      {
-         if (h1) { ntfe = new H1_QuadrilateralElement(o, bt); }
-         else    { ntfe = new L2_QuadrilateralElement(o, bt); }
-      }
-      else if (dim == 3)
-      {
-         if (h1) { ntfe = new H1_HexahedronElement(o, bt); }
-         else    { ntfe = new L2_HexahedronElement(o, bt); }
-      }
-      // projection matrix from H1 to Positive
-      ElementTransformation *eltran = fes->GetElementTransformation(elem);
-      fe->Project(*ntfe, *eltran, projmat);
-      Vector loc_data_temp(loc_data.Size());
-      projmat.Mult(loc_data, loc_data_temp);
-      for (int i = 0; i < dof_map.Size(); i++)
-      {
-         loc_data(i) = loc_data_temp(dof_map[i]);
-      }
-      if (dof_map.Size() == 0) { loc_data = loc_data_temp; }
-      delete ntfe;
-   }
-
-   // Get bounds at control points
-   plb.GetNDBounds(dim, loc_data, lower, upper);
-
-   // Save control point positions
-   int ncp = plb.GetNControlPoints();
-   control_pos.SetSize(dim * ncp);
-   const Vector control_pos_1D = plb.GetControlPoints();
-   for (int i = 0; i < ncp; i++)
-   {
-      for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++)
-      {
-         control_pos(i + d*ncp) =
-            ref_range(d) + (ref_range(dim+d)-ref_range(d))*control_pos_1D(i);
-      }
-   }
-}
-
 void GridFunction::GetElementBounds(const int elem, const PLBound &plb,
                                    Vector &lower, Vector &upper,
                                    const int vdim) const
@@ -5305,467 +5197,6 @@ PLBound GridFunction::GetBounds(Vector &lower, Vector &upper,
   return plb;
 }

-struct IntervalNode
-{
-   real_t val_min;
-   real_t val_max;
-   Array<IntervalNode *> child;
-   IntervalNode(real_t vmin, real_t vmax)
-      : val_min(vmin), val_max(vmax)
-   {
-      child.SetSize(0);
-   }
-   void AddChild(IntervalNode *ch) { child.Append(ch); }
-   real_t GetChildMinLower()
-   {
-      if (child.Size() == 0)
-      {
-         return val_min;
-      }
-      real_t valmin = numeric_limits<real_t>::max();
-      for (int i = 0; i < child.Size(); i++)
-      {
-         real_t candidate = child[i]->GetChildMinLower();
-         valmin = std::min(valmin, candidate);
-      }
-      return valmin;
-   }
-   real_t GetChildMinUpper()
-   {
-      if (child.Size() == 0)
-      {
-         return val_max;
-      }
-      real_t valmax = numeric_limits<real_t>::max();
-      for (int i = 0; i < child.Size(); i++)
-      {
-         real_t candidate = child[i]->GetChildMinUpper();
-         valmax = std::min(valmax, candidate);
-      }
-      return valmax;
-   }
-   real_t GetChildMaxLower()
-   {
-      if (child.Size() == 0)
-      {
-         return val_min;
-      }
-      real_t valmin = numeric_limits<real_t>::lowest();
-      for (int i = 0; i < child.Size(); i++)
-      {
-         real_t candidate = child[i]->GetChildMaxLower();
-         valmin = std::max(valmin, candidate);
-      }
-      return valmin;
-   }
-   real_t GetChildMaxUpper()
-   {
-      if (child.Size() == 0)
-      {
-         return val_max;
-      }
-      real_t valmax = numeric_limits<real_t>::lowest();
-      for (int i = 0; i < child.Size(); i++)
-      {
-         real_t candidate = child[i]->GetChildMaxUpper();
-         valmax = std::max(valmax, candidate);
-      }
-      return valmax;
-   }
-   void DeleteChildren()
-   {
-      for (int i = 0; i < child.Size(); i++)
-      {
-         child[i]->DeleteChildren();
-         delete child[i];
-      }
-      child.SetSize(0);
-   }
-};
-
-struct SearchInterval
-{
-   Vector ref_range;
-   int depth;
-   IntervalNode *node;
-   SearchInterval(const Vector &ref_range_in, int d, IntervalNode *n)
-      : ref_range(ref_range_in), depth(d), node(n)
-   { }
-};
-
-struct IntervalCompareMin
-{
-   bool operator()(const SearchInterval *a, const SearchInterval *b) const
-   {
-      return a->node->val_min > b->node->val_min;
-   }
-};
-
-struct IntervalCompareMax
-{
-   bool operator()(const SearchInterval *a, const SearchInterval *b) const
-   {
-      return a->node->val_max < b->node->val_max;
-   }
-};
-
-std::pair<real_t, real_t> GridFunction::EstimateFunctionMinimum(
-   const int elem, const PLBound &plb, const int vdim,
-   const int max_depth, const real_t tol) const
-{
-   real_t min_threshold = std::numeric_limits<real_t>::max();
-   return EstimateFunctionMinimum(elem, plb, vdim, max_depth, tol,
-                                  min_threshold);
 }

-std::pair<real_t, real_t> GridFunction::EstimateFunctionMinimum(
-   const int elem, const PLBound &plb, const int vdim,
-   const int max_depth, const real_t tol, real_t &min_threshold) const
-{
-   const int dim = this->FESpace()->GetMesh()->Dimension();
-   const int ncp = plb.GetNControlPoints();
-   Vector pos_range(2*dim); pos_range = 0.0;
-   for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) { pos_range(d+dim) = 1.0; }
-   Vector lower, upper, cp_ref_loc;

-   GetElementBoundsAtControlPoints(elem, plb, lower, upper, vdim);
-   real_t val_min = lower.Min();
-   real_t val_max = upper.Min();
-
-   min_threshold = std::min(min_threshold, val_max);
-
-   // Pruning: if the element's lower bound is greater than the current global
-   // upper bound, this element cannot contain the global minimum.
-   if (val_min >= min_threshold)
-   {
-      return std::make_pair(val_min, val_max);
-   }
-
-   if (val_min == val_max || max_depth == 0)
-   {
-      min_threshold = std::min(min_threshold, val_min);
-      return std::make_pair(val_min, val_max);
-   }
-   real_t abs_tol = tol*(val_max-val_min);
-
-   IntervalNode *initial_node = new IntervalNode(val_min, val_max);
-   SearchInterval *initial_interval = new SearchInterval(pos_range, 0,
-                                                         initial_node);
-
-   std::priority_queue<SearchInterval*,
-       std::vector<SearchInterval*>, IntervalCompareMin> pq;
-   pq.push(initial_interval);
-
-   real_t min_upper_bound = upper.Min();
-   real_t min_lower_bound = lower.Min();
-
-   while (!pq.empty())
-   {
-      SearchInterval *current = pq.top();
-      pq.pop();
-      int curr_depth = current->depth;
-
-      // Reached max depth or this interval cannot contain the global minimum
-      if (current->node->val_min >= min_threshold || curr_depth >= max_depth)
-      {
-         delete current;
-         continue;
-      }
-
-      min_lower_bound = initial_node->GetChildMinLower();
-      if (min_upper_bound - min_lower_bound < abs_tol)
-      {
-         delete current;
-         break;
-      }
-
-      // Subdivide the interval and get bounds on it
-      GetElementBoundsAtControlPoints(elem, plb, current->ref_range,
-                                      vdim, lower, upper, cp_ref_loc);
-
-      // process the bounds and create sub-intervals
-      for (int k = 0; k < (dim == 3 ? ncp-1 : 1); k++)
-      {
-         for (int j = 0; j < (dim >= 2 ? ncp-1 : 1); j++)
-         {
-            for (int i = 0; i < ncp-1; i++)
-            {
-               real_t lv = 0.0, uv = 0.0;
-               if (dim == 1)
-               {
-                  lv = std::min(lower(i), lower(i+1));
-                  uv = std::min(upper(i), upper(i+1));
-               }
-               else if (dim == 2)
-               {
-                  lv = std::min({lower(i + j*ncp), lower((i+1) + j*ncp),
-                                 lower(i + (j+1)*ncp),
-                                 lower((i+1) + (j+1)*ncp)});
-                  uv = std::min({upper(i + j*ncp), upper((i+1) + j*ncp),
-                                 upper(i + (j+1)*ncp),
-                                 upper((i+1) + (j+1)*ncp)});
-               }
-               else if (dim == 3)
-               {
-                  lv = std::min({lower(i + j*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower((i+1) + j*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower(i + (j+1)*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower((i+1) + (j+1)*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower(i + j*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower((i+1) + j*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower(i + (j+1)*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower((i+1) + (j+1)*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp)});
-                  uv = std::min({upper(i + j*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper((i+1) + j*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper(i + (j+1)*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper((i+1) + (j+1)*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper(i + j*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper((i+1) + j*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper(i + (j+1)*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper((i+1) + (j+1)*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp)});
-               }
-               IntervalNode *child_node = new IntervalNode(lv, uv);
-               current->node->AddChild(child_node);
-
-               if (lv < min_threshold)
-               {
-                  min_upper_bound = std::min(min_upper_bound, uv);
-                  min_threshold = std::min(min_threshold, uv);
-                  if (curr_depth < max_depth)
-                  {
-                     pos_range(0) = cp_ref_loc(i);
-                     pos_range(0+dim) = cp_ref_loc(i+1);
-                     if (dim >= 2)
-                     {
-                        pos_range(1) = cp_ref_loc(ncp + j);
-                        pos_range(1+dim) = cp_ref_loc(ncp + j+1);
-                     }
-                     if (dim == 3)
-                     {
-                        pos_range(2) = cp_ref_loc(2*ncp + k);
-                        pos_range(2+dim) = cp_ref_loc(2*ncp + k+1);
-                     }
-                     SearchInterval *child_interval =
-                        new  SearchInterval(pos_range, curr_depth + 1,
-                                            child_node);
-                     pq.push(child_interval);
-                  }
-               }
-            }
-         }
-      }
-      delete current;
-   }
-
-   // clean up remaining intervals in queue
-   while (!pq.empty())
-   {
-      delete pq.top();
-      pq.pop();
-   }
-
-   min_lower_bound = initial_node->GetChildMinLower();
-   initial_node->DeleteChildren();
-   delete initial_node;
-
-   min_threshold = std::min(min_threshold, min_lower_bound);
-   return std::make_pair(min_lower_bound, min_upper_bound);
-}
-
-std::pair<real_t, real_t> GridFunction::EstimateFunctionMaximum(
-   const int elem, const PLBound &plb, const int vdim,
-   const int max_depth, const real_t tol) const
-{
-   real_t max_threshold = std::numeric_limits<real_t>::lowest();
-   return EstimateFunctionMaximum(elem, plb, vdim, max_depth, tol,
-                                  max_threshold);
-}
-
-std::pair<real_t, real_t> GridFunction::EstimateFunctionMaximum(
-   const int elem, const PLBound &plb, const int vdim,
-   const int max_depth, const real_t tol, real_t &max_threshold) const
-{
-   const int dim = this->FESpace()->GetMesh()->Dimension();
-   const int ncp = plb.GetNControlPoints();
-   Vector pos_range(2*dim); pos_range = 0.0;
-   for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) { pos_range(d+dim) = 1.0; }
-   Vector lower, upper, cp_ref_loc;
-
-   GetElementBoundsAtControlPoints(elem, plb, lower, upper, vdim);
-   real_t val_min = lower.Max();
-   real_t val_max = upper.Max();
-
-   max_threshold = std::max(max_threshold, val_min);
-
-   // Pruning: if the element's upper bound is less than the current global
-   // lower bound, this element cannot contain the global maximum.
-   if (val_max <= max_threshold)
-   {
-      return std::make_pair(val_min, val_max);
-   }
-
-   if (val_min == val_max || max_depth == 0)
-   {
-      max_threshold = std::max(max_threshold, val_max);
-      return std::make_pair(val_min, val_max);
-   }
-   real_t abs_tol = tol*(val_max-val_min);
-
-   IntervalNode *initial_node = new IntervalNode(val_min, val_max);
-   SearchInterval *initial_interval = new SearchInterval(pos_range, 0,
-                                                         initial_node);
-
-   std::priority_queue<SearchInterval*,
-       std::vector<SearchInterval*>, IntervalCompareMax> pq;
-   pq.push(initial_interval);
-
-   real_t max_lower_bound = val_min;
-   real_t max_upper_bound = val_max;
-
-   while (!pq.empty())
-   {
-      SearchInterval *current = pq.top();
-      pq.pop();
-      int curr_depth = current->depth;
-
-      // Reached max depth or this interval cannot contain the global maximum.
-      if (current->node->val_max <= max_threshold || curr_depth >= max_depth)
-      {
-         delete current;
-         continue;
-      }
-
-      max_upper_bound = initial_node->GetChildMaxUpper();
-      if (max_upper_bound - max_lower_bound < abs_tol)
-      {
-         delete current;
-         break;
-      }
-
-      // Subdivide the interval and get bounds on it
-      GetElementBoundsAtControlPoints(elem, plb, current->ref_range,
-                                      vdim, lower, upper, cp_ref_loc);
-
-      // process the bounds and create sub-intervals
-      for (int k = 0; k < (dim == 3 ? ncp-1 : 1); k++)
-      {
-         for (int j = 0; j < (dim >= 2 ? ncp-1 : 1); j++)
-         {
-            for (int i = 0; i < ncp-1; i++)
-            {
-               real_t lv = 0.0, uv = 0.0;
-               if (dim == 1)
-               {
-                  lv = std::max(lower(i), lower(i+1));
-                  uv = std::max(upper(i), upper(i+1));
-               }
-               else if (dim == 2)
-               {
-                  lv = std::max({lower(i + j*ncp), lower((i+1) + j*ncp),
-                                 lower(i + (j+1)*ncp),
-                                 lower((i+1) + (j+1)*ncp)});
-                  uv = std::max({upper(i + j*ncp), upper((i+1) + j*ncp),
-                                 upper(i + (j+1)*ncp),
-                                 upper((i+1) + (j+1)*ncp)});
-               }
-               else if (dim == 3)
-               {
-                  lv = std::max({lower(i + j*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower((i+1) + j*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower(i + (j+1)*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower((i+1) + (j+1)*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower(i + j*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower((i+1) + j*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower(i + (j+1)*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp),
-                                 lower((i+1) + (j+1)*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp)});
-                  uv = std::max({upper(i + j*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper((i+1) + j*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper(i + (j+1)*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper((i+1) + (j+1)*ncp + k*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper(i + j*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper((i+1) + j*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper(i + (j+1)*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp),
-                                 upper((i+1) + (j+1)*ncp + (k+1)*ncp*ncp)});
-               }
-               IntervalNode *child_node = new IntervalNode(lv, uv);
-               current->node->AddChild(child_node);
-
-               if (uv > max_threshold)
-               {
-                  max_lower_bound = std::max(max_lower_bound, lv);
-                  max_threshold = std::max(max_threshold, lv);
-                  if (curr_depth < max_depth)
-                  {
-                     pos_range(0) = cp_ref_loc(i);
-                     pos_range(0+dim) = cp_ref_loc(i+1);
-                     if (dim >= 2)
-                     {
-                        pos_range(1) = cp_ref_loc(ncp + j);
-                        pos_range(1+dim) = cp_ref_loc(ncp + j+1);
-                     }
-                     if (dim == 3)
-                     {
-                        pos_range(2) = cp_ref_loc(2*ncp + k);
-                        pos_range(2+dim) = cp_ref_loc(2*ncp + k+1);
-                     }
-                     SearchInterval *child_interval =
-                        new SearchInterval(pos_range, curr_depth + 1,
-                                           child_node);
-                     pq.push(child_interval);
-                  }
-               }
-            }
-         }
-      }
-      delete current;
-   }
-   // clean up remaining intervals in queue
-   while (!pq.empty())
-   {
-      delete pq.top();
-      pq.pop();
-   }
-
-   max_upper_bound = initial_node->GetChildMaxUpper();
-   initial_node->DeleteChildren();
-   delete initial_node;
-   max_threshold = std::max(max_threshold, max_upper_bound);
-
-   return std::make_pair(max_lower_bound, max_upper_bound);
-}
-
-std::pair<real_t, real_t> GridFunction::EstimateFunctionMinimum(
-   const int vdim, const PLBound &plb, const int max_depth,
-   const real_t tol) const
-{
-   real_t global_min_lower = std::numeric_limits<real_t>::max();
-   real_t global_min_upper = std::numeric_limits<real_t>::max();
-
-   for (int i = 0; i < fes->GetNE(); i++)
-   {
-      std::pair<real_t, real_t> min_pair =
-         EstimateFunctionMinimum(i, plb, vdim, max_depth, tol,
-                                 global_min_lower);
-      global_min_upper = std::min(global_min_upper, min_pair.second);
-   }
-   return std::make_pair(global_min_lower, global_min_upper);
-}
-
-std::pair<real_t, real_t> GridFunction::EstimateFunctionMaximum(
-   const int vdim, const PLBound &plb, const int max_depth,
-   const real_t tol) const
-{
-   real_t global_max_lower = std::numeric_limits<real_t>::lowest();
-   real_t global_max_upper = std::numeric_limits<real_t>::lowest();
-
-   for (int i = 0; i < fes->GetNE(); i++)
-   {
-      std::pair<real_t, real_t> max_pair =
-         EstimateFunctionMaximum(i, plb, vdim, max_depth, tol,
-                                 global_max_upper);
-      global_max_lower = std::max(global_max_lower, max_pair.first);
-   }
-   return std::make_pair(global_max_lower, global_max_upper);
-}
-
-}
@@ -150,13 +150,11 @@ public:

   FiniteElementCollection *OwnFEC() { return fec_owned; }

-   /** @brief Shortcut for calling FiniteElementSpace::GetVectorDim() on the
-       underlying #fes */
-   int VectorDim() const { return fes->GetVectorDim(); }
+   /// Shortcut for calling FiniteElementSpace::GetVectorDim() on the underlying #fes
+   int VectorDim() const;

-   /** @brief Shortcut for calling FiniteElementSpace::GetCurlDim() on the
-       underlying #fes */
-   int CurlDim() const { return fes->GetCurlDim(); }
+   /// Shortcut for calling FiniteElementSpace::GetCurlDim() on the underlying #fes
+   int CurlDim() const;

   /// Read only access to the (optional) internal true-dof Vector.
   const Vector &GetTrueVector() const
@@ -534,9 +532,6 @@ public:
   std::unique_ptr<GridFunction> ProlongateToMaxOrder() const;

 protected:
-   void ProjectBdrCoefficientNormal(Coefficient *coeff, VectorCoefficient *vcoeff,
-                                    const Array<int> &attr);
-
   /** @brief Accumulates (depending on @a type) the values of @a coeff at all
       shared vdofs and counts in how many zones each vdof appears. */
   void AccumulateAndCountZones(Coefficient &coeff, AvgType type,
@@ -569,70 +564,6 @@ protected:
   /// P-refinement version of Update().
   void UpdatePRef();

-   /** @brief Estimate the minimum value of the GridFunction in element @a elem
-    *  if it is below a certain @a min_threshold.
-    *
-    *  @details For a given element \p elem and grid function component \p vdim
-    *  an estimate of the function minimum is the minimum of the piecewise
-    *  linear lower bound obtained using the given PLBound object. The actual
-    *  minimum is between [minimum lower bound, minimum upper bound]. We
-    *  improve the estimate of the function minimum by recursively
-    *  subdividing the interval with the lowest lower bound, and computing
-    *  bounds on the sub-intervals.
-    *  This process continues until (i) the maximum recursion depth is reached
-    *  or (ii) the difference between the minimum upper bound and minimum lower
-    *  bound is less than a certain tolerance (\p tol * [initial maximum
-    *  upper bound - initial minimum lower bound]).
-    *  The function also terminates if the lowest minima estimate is found
-    *  to be above the given threshold \p min_threshold. This is useful when
-    *  we are interested in computing the global minimum of the function
-    *  over all elements. In this case we can reject elements where the lowest
-    *  bound is above the current global minimum. In case the function
-    *  minimum on the element is below the global minimum, we update
-    *  \p min_threshold.
-    *
-    *  We return a pair of values that bracket the actual minimum, i.e.
-    *  [min_lower_bound, min_upper_bound].
-    */
-   std::pair<real_t,real_t> EstimateFunctionMinimum(const int elem,
-                                                    const PLBound &plb,
-                                                    const int vdim,
-                                                    const int max_depth,
-                                                    const real_t tol,
-                                                    real_t &min_threshold)const;
-
-   /** @brief Estimate the maximum value of the GridFunction in element @a elem
-    *  if it is below a certain @a max_threshold.
-    *
-    *  @details For a given element \p elem and grid function component \p vdim
-    *  an estimate of the function maximum is the maximum of the piecewise
-    *  linear upper bound obtained using the given PLBound object. The actual
-    *  maximum is between [maximum lower bound, maximum upper bound]. We
-    *  improve the estimate of the function maximum by recursively
-    *  subdividing the interval with the highest upper bound, and computing
-    *  bounds on the sub-intervals.
-    *  This process continues until (i) the maximum recursion depth is reached
-    *  or (ii) the difference between the maximum upper bound and maximum lower
-    *  bound is less than a certain tolerance (\p tol * [initial maximum
-    *  upper bound - initial maximum lower bound]).
-    *  The function also terminates if the highest maxima estimate is found
-    *  to be below the given threshold \p max_threshold. This is useful when
-    *  we are interested in computing the global maximum of the function
-    *  over all elements. In this case we can reject elements where the upper
-    *  bound is below the current global maximum. In case the function
-    *  maximum on the element is above the global maximum, we update
-    *  \p max_threshold.
-    *
-    *  We return a pair of values that bracket the actual maximum, i.e.
-    *  [max_lower_bound, max_upper_bound].
-    */
-   std::pair<real_t,real_t> EstimateFunctionMaximum(const int elem,
-                                                    const PLBound &plb,
-                                                    const int vdim,
-                                                    const int max_depth,
-                                                    const real_t tol,
-                                                    real_t &max_threshold)const;
-
 public:
   /** @brief For each vdof, counts how many elements contain the vdof,
       as containment is determined by FiniteElementSpace::GetElementVDofs(). */
@@ -661,26 +592,15 @@ public:
   virtual void ProjectBdrCoefficient(Coefficient *coeff[],
                                      const Array<int> &attr);

-   /** @brief Project the normal component of the given VectorCoefficient on
-       the boundary. */
-   /** Only boundary attributes that are marked in @a bdr_attr are
-       projected. Assumes RT-type vector finite element GridFunction. */
+   /** Project the normal component of the given VectorCoefficient on
+       the boundary. Only boundary attributes that are marked in
+       'bdr_attr' are projected. Assumes RT-type VectorFE GridFunction. */
   void ProjectBdrCoefficientNormal(VectorCoefficient &vcoeff,
-                                    const Array<int> &bdr_attr)
-   { ProjectBdrCoefficientNormal(NULL, &vcoeff, bdr_attr); }
-
-   /** @brief Project the given Coefficient in the normal direction on the
-       boundary. */
-   /** Only boundary attributes that are marked in @a bdr_attr are projected.
-       Assumes RT-type vector finite element GridFunction. */
-   void ProjectBdrCoefficientNormal(Coefficient &coeff,
-                                    const Array<int> &bdr_attr)
-   { ProjectBdrCoefficientNormal(&coeff, NULL, bdr_attr); }
+                                    const Array<int> &bdr_attr);

   /** @brief Project the tangential components of the given VectorCoefficient
-       on the boundary. */
-   /** Only boundary attributes that are marked in @a bdr_attr
-       are projected. Assumes ND-type vector finite element GridFunction. */
+       on the boundary. Only boundary attributes that are marked in @a bdr_attr
+       are projected. Assumes ND-type VectorFE GridFunction. */
   virtual void ProjectBdrCoefficientTangent(VectorCoefficient &vcoeff,
                                             const Array<int> &bdr_attr);

@@ -1742,21 +1662,21 @@ public:
    */
   ///@{
   /// Computes the \ref PLBound for the gridfunction with number of control
-   /// points based on \p ref_factor, and returns the overall bounds for each
-   /// vdim (across all elements) in \p lower and \p upper. We also return the
+   /// points based on @a ref_factor, and returns the overall bounds for each
+   /// vdim (across all elements) in @b lower and @b upper. We also return the
   /// PLBound object used to compute the bounds.
-   /// We compute the bounds for each vdim if \p vdim < 1.
+   /// We compute the bounds for each vdim if @a vdim < 1.
   /// Note: For most cases, this method/interface will be sufficient.
   virtual PLBound GetBounds(Vector &lower, Vector &upper,
                             const int ref_factor=1, const int vdim=-1) const;

   /// Computes the \ref PLBound for the gridfunction with number of control
-   /// points based on \p ref_factor, and returns the bounds for each element
-   /// ordered byNodes:
+   /// points based on @a ref_factor, and returns the bounds for each element
+   /// ordered byVDim:
   /// lower_{0,0}, lower_{1,0}, ..., lower_{ne-1,0},
   /// lower_{0,1}, ..., lower_{ne-1,vdim-1}. We also return the
   /// PLBound object used to compute the bounds.
-   /// We compute the bounds for each vdim if \p vdim < 1.
+   /// We compute the bounds for each vdim if @a vdim < 1.
   PLBound GetElementBounds(Vector &lower, Vector &upper,
                            const int ref_factor=1, const int vdim=-1) const;

@@ -1767,18 +1687,6 @@ public:
                                        Vector &lower, Vector &upper,
                                        const int vdim = -1) const;

-   /** @brief Gets the bounds on given reference range inside an element.
-    *
-    *  @details @a ref_range is a vector of size 2*dim that specifies the
-    *  lower and upper limits in each dimension of the reference element.
-    *  For example, in 2D, ref_range = [rmin, smin, rmax, smax].
-    */
-   void GetElementBoundsAtControlPoints(const int elem, const PLBound &plb,
-                                        const Vector &ref_range,
-                                        const int vdim,
-                                        Vector &lower, Vector &upper,
-                                        Vector &control_pos) const;
-
   /// Compute bounds on the grid function for the given element.
   /// The bounds are stored in @b lower and @b upper.
   void GetElementBounds(const int elem, const PLBound &plb,
@@ -1786,45 +1694,11 @@ public:
                         const int vdim = -1) const;

   /// Compute bounds on the grid function for all the elements. The bounds
-   /// are returned in @b lower and @b upper, ordered byNodes:
+   /// are returned in @b lower and @b upper, ordered byVDim:
   /// lower_{0,0}, lower_{1,0}, ..., lower_{ne-1,0},
   /// lower_{0,1}, ..., lower_{ne-1,vdim-1}
   void GetElementBounds(const PLBound &plb, Vector &lower, Vector &upper,
                         const int vdim=-1) const;
-
-   /** @brief Estimate the minimum value of the GridFunction in element @a elem.
-    *
-    *  @details See the protected version of EstimateFunctionMinimum for
-    *  details.
-    */
-   std::pair<real_t, real_t> EstimateFunctionMinimum(const int elem,
-                                                     const PLBound &plb,
-                                                     const int vdim,
-                                                     const int max_depth,
-                                                     const real_t tol) const;
-
-   /** @brief Estimate the minimum value of the GridFunction in element @a elem.
-    *
-    *  @details See the protected version of EstimateFunctionMaximum for
-    *  details.
-    */
-   std::pair<real_t, real_t> EstimateFunctionMaximum(const int elem,
-                                                     const PLBound &plb,
-                                                     const int vdim,
-                                                     const int max_depth,
-                                                     const real_t tol) const;
-
-   /** @brief Estimate the GridFunction minimum across all elements. */
-   virtual std::pair<real_t,real_t> EstimateFunctionMinimum(const int vdim,
-                                                            const PLBound &plb,
-                                                            const int max_depth,
-                                                            const real_t tol) const;
-
-   /** @brief Estimate the GridFunction maximum across all elements. */
-   virtual std::pair<real_t,real_t> EstimateFunctionMaximum(const int vdim,
-                                                            const PLBound &plb,
-                                                            const int max_depth,
-                                                            const real_t tol) const;
   ///@}

   /// Destroys grid function.
@@ -1930,7 +1804,7 @@ real_t ComputeElementLpDistance(real_t p, int i,
                                GridFunction& gf1, GridFunction& gf2);


-/// Class used for extruding a scalar coefficient
+/// Class used for extruding scalar GridFunctions
 class ExtrudeCoefficient : public Coefficient
 {
 private:
@@ -1938,53 +1812,13 @@ private:
   Mesh *mesh_in;
   Coefficient &sol_in;
 public:
-   /// Constructs an instance of VectorExtrudeCoefficient
-   /**
-    * @param m      1D mesh
-    * @param s      1D vector coefficient
-    * @param n_     number of transverse elements of the extruded mesh
-    */
   ExtrudeCoefficient(Mesh *m, Coefficient &s, int n_)
-      : n(n_), mesh_in(m), sol_in(s)
-   { MFEM_VERIFY(n > 0, "Number of transverse elements must be positive!"); }
-
+      : n(n_), mesh_in(m), sol_in(s) { }
   real_t Eval(ElementTransformation &T, const IntegrationPoint &ip) override;
-
   virtual ~ExtrudeCoefficient() { }
 };

-/// Class used for extruding a vector coefficient
-class VectorExtrudeCoefficient : public VectorCoefficient
-{
-private:
-   int n;
-   Mesh *mesh_in;
-   VectorCoefficient &sol_in;
-public:
-   /// Constructs an instance of VectorExtrudeCoefficient
-   /**
-    * @param m      1D mesh
-    * @param s      1D vector coefficient
-    * @param n_     number of transverse elements of the extruded mesh
-    */
-   VectorExtrudeCoefficient(Mesh *m, VectorCoefficient &s, int n_)
-      : VectorCoefficient(s.GetVDim()), n(n_), mesh_in(m), sol_in(s)
-   { MFEM_VERIFY(n > 0, "Number of transverse elements must be positive!"); }
-
-   void Eval(Vector &v, ElementTransformation &T,
-             const IntegrationPoint &ip) override;
-   using VectorCoefficient::Eval;
-
-   virtual ~VectorExtrudeCoefficient() { }
-};
-
-/// Extrude a 1D GridFunction, after extruding the mesh with Extrude1D()
-/**
- * @param mesh      1D mesh
- * @param mesh2d    extruded mesh
- * @param sol       grid function
- * @param ny        number of transverse elements of the extruded mesh
- */
+/// Extrude a scalar 1D GridFunction, after extruding the mesh with Extrude1D.
 GridFunction *Extrude1DGridFunction(Mesh *mesh, Mesh *mesh2d,
                                    GridFunction *sol, const int ny);

@@ -202,19 +202,13 @@ protected:
                            const int dof1dsol, const int ordering);

 public:
-   /// Serial constructor
   FindPointsGSLIB();
-
-   /// Serial constructor + setup with given Mesh (see \ref Setup)
   FindPointsGSLIB(Mesh &mesh_in, const double bb_t = 0.1,
                   const double newt_tol = 1.0e-12,
                   const int npt_max = 256);

 #ifdef MFEM_USE_MPI
-   /// Constructor for ParMesh
   FindPointsGSLIB(MPI_Comm comm_);
-
-   /// Constructor + setup with given ParMesh (see \ref Setup)
   FindPointsGSLIB(ParMesh &mesh_in, const double bb_t = 0.1,
                   const double newt_tol = 1.0e-12,
                   const int npt_max = 256);
@@ -197,21 +197,15 @@ static void EAHdivAssemble3D(const int NE,
      // Assemble (one row per thread)
      MFEM_FOREACH_THREAD(idx_i, x, NDOF)
      {
-         // NOTE: due to an llvm backend bug, usage of the modulus operator
-         // has been removed from this foreach section.
         const int ic = idx_i / NDOF_C;
-         const int idx_ii = idx_i - ic * NDOF_C; // idx_i % NDOF_C
+         const int idx_ii = idx_i % NDOF_C;

         const int nx_i = (ic == 0) ? D1D : D1D-1;
         const int ny_i = (ic == 1) ? D1D : D1D-1;

-         const int qx_i = idx_ii / nx_i;
-         const int ix = idx_ii - qx_i * nx_i; // idx_ii % nx_i
-
-         const int qy_i = qx_i / ny_i;
-         const int iy = qx_i - qy_i * ny_i; // (idx_ii / nx_i) % ny_i
-
-         const int iz = qy_i; // (idx_ii / nx_i) / ny_i
+         const int ix = idx_ii % nx_i;
+         const int iy = (idx_ii / nx_i) % ny_i;
+         const int iz = (idx_ii / nx_i) / ny_i;

         const real_t (&Bi1)[MQ1][MD1] = (ic == 0) ? r_Bc : r_Bo;
         const real_t (&Bi2)[MQ1][MD1] = (ic == 1) ? r_Bc : r_Bo;
@@ -220,18 +214,14 @@ static void EAHdivAssemble3D(const int NE,
         for (int idx_j = 0; idx_j < NDOF; ++idx_j)
         {
            const int jc = idx_j / NDOF_C;
-            const int idx_jj = idx_j - jc * NDOF_C; // idx_j % NDOF_C
+            const int idx_jj = idx_j % NDOF_C;

            const int nx_j = (jc == 0) ? D1D : D1D-1;
            const int ny_j = (jc == 1) ? D1D : D1D-1;

-            const int qx_j = idx_jj / nx_j;
-            const int jx = idx_jj - qx_j * nx_j; // idx_jj % nx_j
-
-            const int qy_j = qx_j / ny_j;
-            const int jy = qx_j - qy_j * ny_j; // (idx_jj / nx_j) % ny_j
-
-            const int jz = qy_j; // (idx_jj / nx_j) / ny_j
+            const int jx = idx_jj % nx_j;
+            const int jy = (idx_jj / nx_j) % ny_j;
+            const int jz = (idx_jj / nx_j) / ny_j;

            const real_t (&Bj1)[MQ1][MD1] = (jc == 0) ? r_Bc : r_Bo;
            const real_t (&Bj2)[MQ1][MD1] = (jc == 1) ? r_Bc : r_Bo;
@@ -171,15 +171,15 @@ template<int DIM, int T_SDIM, int T_D1D, int T_Q1D>
 VectorDiffusionIntegrator::ApplyKernelType
 VectorDiffusionIntegrator::ApplyPAKernels::Kernel()
 {
-   if constexpr (DIM == 2)
+   if (DIM == 2)
   {
      return internal::SmemPAVectorDiffusionApply2D<T_SDIM, T_D1D, T_Q1D>;
   }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 3)
+   else if (DIM == 3)
   {
      return internal::SmemPAVectorDiffusionApply3D<T_SDIM, T_D1D, T_Q1D>;
   }
-   MFEM_ABORT("Unsupported kernel");
+   else { MFEM_ABORT("Unsupported kernel"); }
 }

 inline VectorDiffusionIntegrator::ApplyKernelType
@@ -182,15 +182,15 @@ template<int DIM, int T_D1D, int T_Q1D>
 VectorMassIntegrator::VectorMassAddMultPAType
 VectorMassIntegrator::VectorMassAddMultPA::Kernel()
 {
-   if constexpr (DIM == 2)
+   if (DIM == 2)
   {
      return internal::SmemPAVectorMassApply2D<T_D1D,T_Q1D>;
   }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 3)
+   else if (DIM == 3)
   {
      return internal::SmemPAVectorMassApply3D<T_D1D, T_Q1D>;
   }
-   MFEM_ABORT("Unsupported kernel");
+   else { MFEM_ABORT("Unsupported kernel"); }
 }

 inline VectorMassIntegrator::VectorMassAddMultPAType
@@ -301,14 +301,18 @@ template <int DIM, int T_D1D, int T_Q1D>
 DomainLFIntegrator::AssembleKernelType
 DomainLFIntegrator::AssembleKernels::Kernel()
 {
-   if constexpr (DIM == 1) { return DLFEvalAssemble1D<T_D1D, T_Q1D>; }
-   if constexpr (DIM == 2) { return DLFEvalAssemble2D<T_D1D, T_Q1D>; }
-   if constexpr (DIM == 3) { return DLFEvalAssemble3D<T_D1D, T_Q1D>; }
+   switch (DIM)
+   {
+      case 1:
+         return DLFEvalAssemble1D<T_D1D, T_Q1D>;
+      case 2:
+         return DLFEvalAssemble2D<T_D1D, T_Q1D>;
+      case 3:
+         return DLFEvalAssemble3D<T_D1D, T_Q1D>;
+   }
   MFEM_ABORT("");
 }
-
 /// \endcond DO_NOT_DOCUMENT

 } // namespace mfem
-
-#endif // MFEM_LININTEG_DOMAIN_KERNELS_HPP
+#endif
@@ -125,6 +125,18 @@ private:
   void AddTriPoints3b(const int off, const real_t b, const real_t weight)
   { AddTriPoints3(off, (1. - b)/2., b, weight); }

+   void AddTriPoints3R(const int off, const real_t a, const real_t b,
+                       const real_t c, const real_t weight)
+   {
+      IntPoint(off + 0).Set2w(a, b, weight);
+      IntPoint(off + 1).Set2w(c, a, weight);
+      IntPoint(off + 2).Set2w(b, c, weight);
+   }
+
+   void AddTriPoints3R(const int off, const real_t a, const real_t b,
+                       const real_t weight)
+   { AddTriPoints3R(off, a, b, 1. - a - b, weight); }
+
   void AddTriPoints6(const int off, const real_t a, const real_t b,
                      const real_t c, const real_t weight)
   {
@@ -171,6 +183,14 @@ private:
      AddTetPoints3(off + 1, a, 1. - 3.*a, weight);
   }

+   // given b, add the permutations of (a,a,a,b), where 3*a + b = 1
+   void AddTetPoints4b(const int off, const real_t b, const real_t weight)
+   {
+      const real_t a = (1. - b)/3.;
+      IntPoint(off).Set(a, a, a, weight);
+      AddTetPoints3(off + 1, a, b, weight);
+   }
+
   // add the permutations of (a,a,b,b), 2*(a + b) = 1
   void AddTetPoints6(const int off, const real_t a, const real_t weight)
   {
@@ -189,37 +209,14 @@ private:
      AddTetPoints6(off + 6, a, bc, cb, weight);
   }

-   // add all 24 permutations of (a,b,c,d) where a+b+c+d = 1, all distinct
-   void AddTetPoints24(const int off, const real_t a, const real_t b,
-                       const real_t c, const real_t weight)
+   // given (b,c), add the permutations of (a,a,b,c), 2*a + b + c = 1
+   void AddTetPoints12bc(const int off, const real_t b, const real_t c,
+                         const real_t weight)
   {
-      const real_t d = 1. - a - b - c;
-      // all 24 permutations of 4 distinct barycentric coordinates
-      // permuting which coordinate goes to x, y, z (4th is 1-x-y-z)
-      IntPoint(off +  0).Set(a, b, c, weight);
-      IntPoint(off +  1).Set(a, b, d, weight);
-      IntPoint(off +  2).Set(a, c, b, weight);
-      IntPoint(off +  3).Set(a, c, d, weight);
-      IntPoint(off +  4).Set(a, d, b, weight);
-      IntPoint(off +  5).Set(a, d, c, weight);
-      IntPoint(off +  6).Set(b, a, c, weight);
-      IntPoint(off +  7).Set(b, a, d, weight);
-      IntPoint(off +  8).Set(b, c, a, weight);
-      IntPoint(off +  9).Set(b, c, d, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 10).Set(b, d, a, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 11).Set(b, d, c, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 12).Set(c, a, b, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 13).Set(c, a, d, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 14).Set(c, b, a, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 15).Set(c, b, d, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 16).Set(c, d, a, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 17).Set(c, d, b, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 18).Set(d, a, b, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 19).Set(d, a, c, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 20).Set(d, b, a, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 21).Set(d, b, c, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 22).Set(d, c, a, weight);
-      IntPoint(off + 23).Set(d, c, b, weight);
+      const real_t a = (1. - b - c)/2.;
+      AddTetPoints3(off,     a, b, weight);
+      AddTetPoints3(off + 3, a, c, weight);
+      AddTetPoints6(off + 6, a, b, c, weight);
   }

 public:
@@ -297,8 +297,7 @@ void LinearForm::Assemble()
         tr = mesh->GetBdrFaceTransformations(i);
         if (tr != NULL)
         {
-            mfem::DofTransformation doftrans;
-            fes -> GetElementVDofs (tr -> Elem1No, vdofs, doftrans);
+            fes -> GetElementVDofs (tr -> Elem1No, vdofs);
            for (int k = 0; k < boundary_face_integs.Size(); k++)
            {
               if (boundary_face_integs_marker[k] &&
@@ -308,7 +307,6 @@ void LinearForm::Assemble()
               boundary_face_integs[k]->
               AssembleRHSElementVect(*fes->GetFE(tr->Elem1No),
                                      *tr, elemvect);
-               doftrans.TransformDual(elemvect);
               AddElementVector (vdofs, elemvect);
            }
         }
@@ -158,16 +158,15 @@ void LORBase::ConstructLocalDofPermutation(Array<int> &perm_) const
               int i;
               i = dofmap_lor[off_lor + i1 + i2*2];
               int s1 = i < 0 ? -1 : 1;
-               int idof_lor = vdof_lor[UnsignIndex(i)];
+               int idof_lor = vdof_lor[absdof(i)];
               i = dofmap_ho[off_ho + i1*n1 + i2*n2];
               int s2 = i < 0 ? -1 : 1;
-               int idof_ho = vdof_ho[UnsignIndex(i)];
+               int idof_ho = vdof_ho[absdof(i)];
               int s3 = idof_lor < 0 ? -1 : 1;
               int s4 = idof_ho < 0 ? -1 : 1;
               int s = s1*s2*s3*s4;
-               i = UnsignIndex(idof_ho);
-               perm_[UnsignIndex(idof_lor)] = s < 0 ? -1-UnsignIndex(i) :
-                                              UnsignIndex(i);
+               i = absdof(idof_ho);
+               perm_[absdof(idof_lor)] = s < 0 ? -1-absdof(i) : absdof(i);
            }
         }
      };
@@ -233,7 +232,7 @@ void LORBase::ConstructDofPermutation() const
         int j = l_perm[i];
         int s = j < 0 ? -1 : 1;
         int t_i = pfes_lor->GetLocalTDofNumber(i);
-         int t_j = pfes_ho->GetLocalTDofNumber(UnsignIndex(j));
+         int t_j = pfes_ho->GetLocalTDofNumber(absdof(j));
         // Either t_i and t_j both -1, or both non-negative
         if ((t_i < 0 && t_j >=0) || (t_j < 0 && t_i >= 0))
         {
@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ private:
   /// values (after temporarily changing them for LOR assembly).
   void ResetIntegrationRules(GetIntegratorsFn get_integrators);

+   static inline int absdof(int i) { return i < 0 ? -1-i : i; }
+
 protected:
   enum FESpaceType { H1, ND, RT, L2, INVALID };

@@ -53,22 +53,6 @@ void NonlinearForm::SetEssentialBC(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
   }
 }

-void NonlinearForm::SetEssentialBC(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
-                                   const Array2D<bool> &bdr_component,
-                                   Vector *rhs)
-{
-   // virtual call, works in parallel too
-   fes->GetEssentialTrueDofs(bdr_attr_is_ess, ess_tdof_list, bdr_component);
-
-   if (rhs)
-   {
-      for (int i = 0; i < ess_tdof_list.Size(); i++)
-      {
-         (*rhs)(ess_tdof_list[i]) = 0.0;
-      }
-   }
-}
-
 void NonlinearForm::SetEssentialVDofs(const Array<int> &ess_vdofs_list)
 {
   if (!P)
@@ -165,39 +165,14 @@ public:
   const Array<NonlinearFormIntegrator*> &GetBdrFaceIntegrators() const
   { return bfnfi; }

-   /** @brief Specify essential boundary conditions.
-
-       This method calls FiniteElementSpace::GetEssentialTrueDofs() and stores
+   /// Specify essential boundary conditions.
+   /** This method calls FiniteElementSpace::GetEssentialTrueDofs() and stores
       the result internally for use by other methods. If the @a rhs pointer is
       not NULL, its essential true dofs will be set to zero. This makes it
       "compatible" with the output vectors from the Mult() method which also
-       have zero entries at the essential true dofs.
-
-       @note The values in the essential vdofs have to come from the initial guess.
-       */
+       have zero entries at the essential true dofs. */
   void SetEssentialBC(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess, Vector *rhs = NULL);

-   /** @brief Specify essential boundary conditions.
-
-       For spaces with 'vdim' > 1, the 'bdr_component' array can be used
-       to restricts the marked tDOFs per boundary to the specified components.
-       If vdim > 1 then one can specify per boundary attribute which components
-       on a boundary are essential by assigning a value of true to its location
-       in the bdr_component array.
-       The bdr_component has dimensions number of boundary attributes x vdim
-
-       This method calls FiniteElementSpace::GetEssentialTrueDofs() and stores
-       the result internally for use by other methods. If the @a rhs pointer is
-       not NULL, its essential true dofs will be set to zero. This makes it
-       "compatible" with the output vectors from the Mult() method which also
-       have zero entries at the essential true dofs.
-
-       @note The values in the essential vdofs have to come from the initial guess.
-       */
-   void SetEssentialBC(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
-                       const Array2D<bool> &bdr_component,
-                       Vector *rhs);
-
   /// Specify essential boundary conditions.
   /** Use either SetEssentialBC() or SetEssentialTrueDofs() if possible. */
   void SetEssentialVDofs(const Array<int> &ess_vdofs_list);
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetGroupComm(
            {
               if (ind[l] < 0)
               {
-                  dofs[l] = m + FlipIndexSign(ind[l]);
+                  dofs[l] = m + (-1-ind[l]);
                  if (g_ldof_sign)
                  {
                     (*g_ldof_sign)[dofs[l]] = -1;
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetGroupComm(
            {
               if (ind[l] < 0)
               {
-                  dofs[l] = m + FlipIndexSign(ind[l]);
+                  dofs[l] = m + (-1-ind[l]);
                  if (g_ldof_sign)
                  {
                     (*g_ldof_sign)[dofs[l]] = -1;
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetGroupComm(
            {
               if (ind[l] < 0)
               {
-                  dofs[l] = m + FlipIndexSign(ind[l]);
+                  dofs[l] = m + (-1-ind[l]);
                  if (g_ldof_sign)
                  {
                     (*g_ldof_sign)[dofs[l]] = -1;
@@ -538,16 +538,16 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::ApplyLDofSigns(Array<int> &dofs) const
   {
      if (dofs[i] < 0)
      {
-         if (ldof_sign[FlipIndexSign(dofs[i])] < 0)
+         if (ldof_sign[-1-dofs[i]] < 0)
         {
-            dofs[i] = FlipIndexSign(dofs[i]);
+            dofs[i] = -1-dofs[i];
         }
      }
      else
      {
         if (ldof_sign[dofs[i]] < 0)
         {
-            dofs[i] = FlipIndexSign(dofs[i]);
+            dofs[i] = -1-dofs[i];
         }
      }
   }
@@ -699,8 +699,7 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetSharedEdgeDofs(
      for (int i = 0; i < dofs.Size(); i++)
      {
         const int di = dofs[i];
-         dofs[i] = di >= 0 ? rdofs[di] :
-                   FlipIndexSign(rdofs[FlipIndexSign(di)]);
+         dofs[i] = (di >= 0) ? rdofs[di] : -1-rdofs[-1-di];
      }
   }
 }
@@ -724,8 +723,7 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetSharedTriangleDofs(
      for (int i = 0; i < dofs.Size(); i++)
      {
         const int di = dofs[i];
-         dofs[i] = di >= 0 ? rdofs[di] :
-                   FlipIndexSign(rdofs[FlipIndexSign(di)]);
+         dofs[i] = (di >= 0) ? rdofs[di] : -1-rdofs[-1-di];
      }
   }
 }
@@ -749,8 +747,7 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetSharedQuadrilateralDofs(
      for (int i = 0; i < dofs.Size(); i++)
      {
         const int di = dofs[i];
-         dofs[i] = (di >= 0) ? rdofs[di] :
-                   FlipIndexSign(rdofs[FlipIndexSign(di)]);
+         dofs[i] = (di >= 0) ? rdofs[di] : -1-rdofs[-1-di];
      }
   }
 }
@@ -1122,11 +1119,9 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::Synchronize(Array<int> &ldof_marker) const

 void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetEssentialVDofs(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
                                              Array<int> &ess_dofs,
-                                              int component,
-                                              bool overwrite) const
+                                              int component) const
 {
-   FiniteElementSpace::GetEssentialVDofs(bdr_attr_is_ess, ess_dofs, component,
-                                         overwrite);
+   FiniteElementSpace::GetEssentialVDofs(bdr_attr_is_ess, ess_dofs, component);

   // Make sure that processors without boundary elements mark
   // their boundary dofs (if they have any).
@@ -1186,39 +1181,6 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetEssentialTrueDofs(const Array<int>
   MarkerToList(true_ess_dofs, ess_tdof_list);
 }

-void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetEssentialTrueDofs(const Array<int>
-                                                 &bdr_attr_is_ess,
-                                                 Array<int> &ess_tdof_list,
-                                                 const Array2D<bool> &component)
-{
-   MFEM_VERIFY(!IsVariableOrderH1(),
-               "Variable order H1 spaces are currently not supported with this feature");
-
-   Array<int> ess_dofs, true_ess_dofs;
-
-   GetEssentialVDofsFromComponent(bdr_attr_is_ess, component, ess_dofs);
-   GetRestrictionMatrix()->BooleanMult(ess_dofs, true_ess_dofs);
-
-#ifdef MFEM_DEBUG
-   // Verify that in boolean arithmetic: P^T ess_dofs = R ess_dofs.
-   Array<int> true_ess_dofs2(true_ess_dofs.Size());
-   HypreParMatrix *Pt = Dof_TrueDof_Matrix()->Transpose();
-   const int *ess_dofs_data = ess_dofs.HostRead();
-   Pt->BooleanMult(1, ess_dofs_data, 0, true_ess_dofs2);
-   delete Pt;
-   int counter = 0;
-   const int *ted = true_ess_dofs.HostRead();
-   for (int i = 0; i < true_ess_dofs.Size(); i++)
-   {
-      if (bool(ted[i]) != bool(true_ess_dofs2[i])) { counter++; }
-   }
-   MFEM_VERIFY(counter == 0, "internal MFEM error: counter = " << counter
-               << ", rank = " << MyRank);
-#endif
-
-   MarkerToList(true_ess_dofs, ess_tdof_list);
-}
-
 void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetEssentialTrueDofsVar(const Array<int>
                                                    &bdr_attr_is_ess,
                                                    const Array<int> &ess_dofs,
@@ -1525,7 +1487,7 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::ExchangeFaceNbrData()
         GetElementVDofs(my_elems[i], ldofs);
         for (int j = 0; j < ldofs.Size(); j++)
         {
-            int ldof = UnsignIndex(ldofs[j]);
+            int ldof = (ldofs[j] >= 0 ? ldofs[j] : -1-ldofs[j]);

            if (ldof_marker[ldof] != fn)
            {
@@ -1586,7 +1548,7 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::ExchangeFaceNbrData()
         GetElementVDofs(my_elems[i], ldofs);
         for (int j = 0; j < ldofs.Size(); j++)
         {
-            int ldof = UnsignIndex(ldofs[j]);
+            int ldof = (ldofs[j] >= 0 ? ldofs[j] : -1-ldofs[j]);

            if (ldof_marker[ldof] != fn)
            {
@@ -1611,15 +1573,14 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::ExchangeFaceNbrData()

      for (int i = 0; i < num_ldofs; i++)
      {
-         int ldof = UnsignIndex(ldofs_fn[i]);
+         int ldof = (ldofs_fn[i] >= 0 ? ldofs_fn[i] : -1-ldofs_fn[i]);
         ldof_marker[ldof] = i;
      }

      for ( ; j < j_end; j++)
      {
-         const int ldof = UnsignIndex(send_J[j]);
-         send_J[j] = (send_J[j] >= 0 ? ldof_marker[ldof] :
-                      FlipIndexSign(ldof_marker[ldof]));
+         int ldof = (send_J[j] >= 0 ? send_J[j] : -1-send_J[j]);
+         send_J[j] = (send_J[j] >= 0 ? ldof_marker[ldof] : -1-ldof_marker[ldof]);
      }
   }

@@ -1711,7 +1672,12 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::ExchangeFaceNbrData()
   {
      for (int j_end = face_nbr_ldof.GetI()[fn+1]; j < j_end; j++)
      {
-         const int ldof = UnsignIndex(face_nbr_ldof.GetJ()[j]);
+         int ldof = face_nbr_ldof.GetJ()[j];
+         if (ldof < 0)
+         {
+            ldof = -1-ldof;
+         }
+
         face_nbr_glob_dof_map[j] = dof_face_nbr_offsets[fn] + ldof;
      }
   }
@@ -1755,7 +1721,7 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetFaceNbrFaceVDofs(int i, Array<int> &vdofs) const
   MFEM_ASSERT(Nonconforming() && i >= pmesh->GetNumFaces(), "");
   int el1, el2, inf1, inf2;
   pmesh->GetFaceElements(i, &el1, &el2);
-   el2 = FlipIndexSign(el2);
+   el2 = -1 - el2;
   pmesh->GetFaceInfos(i, &inf1, &inf2);
   MFEM_ASSERT(0 <= el2 && el2 < face_nbr_element_dof.Size(), "");
   const int nd = face_nbr_element_dof.RowSize(el2);
@@ -1771,8 +1737,7 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetFaceNbrFaceVDofs(int i, Array<int> &vdofs) const
   for (int j = 0; j < vdofs.Size(); j++)
   {
      const int ldof = vdofs[j];
-      vdofs[j] = (ldof >= 0) ? vol_vdofs[ldof] :
-                 FlipIndexSign(vol_vdofs[FlipIndexSign(ldof)]);
+      vdofs[j] = (ldof >= 0) ? vol_vdofs[ldof] : -1-vol_vdofs[-1-ldof];
   }
 }

@@ -2096,8 +2061,8 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetGhostFaceDofs(const MeshId &face_id,

         for (int j = 0; j < ne; j++)
         {
-            dofs[offset++] = (ind[j] >= 0) ? (first + ind[j]) :
-                             FlipIndexSign(first + FlipIndexSign(ind[j]));
+            dofs[offset++] = (ind[j] >= 0) ? (first + ind[j])
+                             /*         */ : (-1 - (first + (-1 - ind[j])));
         }
      }
      else
@@ -2107,8 +2072,8 @@ void ParFiniteElementSpace::GetGhostFaceDofs(const MeshId &face_id,
         const int *ind = fec->DofOrderForOrientation(Geometry::SEGMENT, Eo[i]);
         for (int j = 0; j < ne; j++)
         {
-            dofs[offset++] = (ind[j] >= 0) ? (first + ind[j]) :
-                             FlipIndexSign(first + FlipIndexSign(ind[j]));
+            dofs[offset++] = (ind[j] >= 0) ? (first + ind[j])
+                             /*         */ : (-1 - (first + (-1 - ind[j])));
         }
      }
   }
@@ -2901,7 +2866,7 @@ void NeighborRowMessage::Encode(int rank)

            if (ind && (edof = ind[edof]) < 0)
            {
-               edof = FlipIndexSign(edof);
+               edof = -1 - edof;
               s = -1;
            }

@@ -3102,10 +3067,10 @@ void NeighborRowMessage::Decode(int rank)

         // If edof arrived with a negative index, flip it, and the scaling.
         real_t s = (edof < 0) ? -1.0 : 1.0;
-         edof = UnsignIndex(edof);
+         edof = (edof < 0) ? -1 - edof : edof;
         if (ind && (edof = ind[edof]) < 0)
         {
-            edof = FlipIndexSign(edof);
+            edof = -1 - edof;
            s *= -1.0;
         }

@@ -3156,10 +3121,10 @@ void NeighborRowMessage::Decode(int rank)

            // If edof arrived with a negative index, flip it, and the scaling.
            s = (edof < 0) ? -1.0 : 1.0;
-            edof = UnsignIndex(edof);
+            edof = (edof < 0) ? -1 - edof : edof;
            if (ind && (edof = ind[edof]) < 0)
            {
-               edof = FlipIndexSign(edof);
+               edof = -1 - edof;
               s *= -1.0;
            }

@@ -4440,9 +4405,12 @@ ParFiniteElementSpace::RebalanceMatrix(int old_ndofs,
         {
            for (int j = 0; j < dofs.Size(); j++)
            {
-               const int row = UnsignIndex(DofToVDof(dofs[j], vd));
-               const int col = UnsignIndex(DofToVDof(old_dofs[j], vd,
-                                                     old_ndofs));
+               int row = DofToVDof(dofs[j], vd);
+               if (row < 0) { row = -1 - row; }
+
+               int col = DofToVDof(old_dofs[j], vd, old_ndofs);
+               if (col < 0) { col = -1 - col; }
+
               i_diag[row] = col;
            }
         }
@@ -4467,7 +4435,9 @@ ParFiniteElementSpace::RebalanceMatrix(int old_ndofs,
      {
         for (int j = 0; j < dofs.Size(); j++)
         {
-            const int row = UnsignIndex(DofToVDof(dofs[j], vd));
+            int row = DofToVDof(dofs[j], vd);
+            if (row < 0) { row = -1 - row; }
+
            if (i_diag[row] == i_diag[row+1]) // diag row empty?
            {
               i_offd[row] = old_dofs[j + vd * dofs.Size()];
@@ -4576,9 +4546,9 @@ ParFiniteElementSpace::ParallelDerefinementMatrix(int old_ndofs,
   {
      const Embedding &emb = dtrans.embeddings[k];

-      const int fine_rank = old_ranks[k];
-      const int coarse_rank = (emb.parent < 0) ? FlipIndexSign(emb.parent)
-                              : old_pncmesh->ElementRank(emb.parent);
+      int fine_rank = old_ranks[k];
+      int coarse_rank = (emb.parent < 0) ? (-1 - emb.parent)
+                        : old_pncmesh->ElementRank(emb.parent);

      if (coarse_rank != MyRank && fine_rank == MyRank)
      {
@@ -4666,8 +4636,8 @@ ParFiniteElementSpace::ParallelDerefinementMatrix(int old_ndofs,
            {
               if (!std::isfinite(lR(i, 0))) { continue; }

-               const int r = DofToVDof(dofs[i], vd);
-               const int m = UnsignIndex(r);
+               int r = DofToVDof(dofs[i], vd);
+               int m = (r >= 0) ? r : (-1 - r);

               if (is_dg || !mark[m])
               {
@@ -4716,7 +4686,8 @@ ParFiniteElementSpace::ParallelDerefinementMatrix(int old_ndofs,
            {
               if (!std::isfinite(lR(i, 0))) { continue; }

-               const int m = UnsignIndex(DofToVDof(dofs[i], vd));
+               int r = DofToVDof(dofs[i], vd);
+               int m = (r >= 0) ? r : (-1 - r);

               if (is_dg || !mark[m])
               {
@@ -420,18 +420,10 @@ public:
       "partially conforming") space. */
   void Synchronize(Array<int> &ldof_marker) const;

-   /** @brief Mark degrees of freedom associated with boundary elements with
-       the specified boundary attributes (marked in 'bdr_attr_is_ess').
-
-       For spaces with 'vdim' > 1, the 'component' parameter can be used
-       to restricts the marked vDOFs to the specified component.
-       If overwrite is set to false then values in ess_vdofs are preserved
-       and not reset. However, the assumption here is that ess_vdofs is set to
-       the correct size already.*/
-   virtual void GetEssentialVDofs(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
-                                  Array<int> &ess_dofs,
-                                  int component = -1,
-                                  bool overwrite = true) const override;
+   /// Determine the boundary degrees of freedom
+   void GetEssentialVDofs(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
+                          Array<int> &ess_dofs,
+                          int component = -1) const override;

   /** Get a list of essential true dofs, ess_tdof_list, corresponding to the
       boundary attributes marked in the array bdr_attr_is_ess. */
@@ -456,19 +448,6 @@ public:
   void GetExteriorTrueDofs(Array<int> &ext_tdof_list,
                            int component = -1) const override;

-   /** @brief Get a list of essential true dofs, ess_tdof_list, corresponding to the
-       boundary attributes marked in the array bdr_attr_is_ess.
-
-       For spaces with 'vdim' > 1, the 'component' array can be used
-       to restricts the marked tDOFs per boundary to the specified components.
-       If vdim > 1 then one can specify per boundary attribute which components
-       on a boundary are essential by assigning a value of true to its location
-       in the component array.
-       The component has dimensions number of boundary attributes x vdim. */
-   virtual void GetEssentialTrueDofs(const Array<int> &bdr_attr_is_ess,
-                                     Array<int> &ess_tdof_list,
-                                     const Array2D<bool> &component) override;
-
   /** If the given ldof is owned by the current processor, return its local
       tdof number, otherwise return -1 */
   int GetLocalTDofNumber(int ldof) const;
@@ -545,8 +545,6 @@ void ParGridFunction::GetElementDofValues(int el, Vector &dof_vals) const

 void ParGridFunction::ProjectCoefficient(Coefficient &coeff, ProjectType type)
 {
-   MFEM_VERIFY(VectorDim() == 1,
-               "Cannot project scalar coefficient onto vector ParGridFunction");
   DeltaCoefficient *delta_c = dynamic_cast<DeltaCoefficient *>(&coeff);

   if (delta_c == NULL)
@@ -719,7 +717,6 @@ void ParGridFunction::ProjectCoefficientElementL2(VectorCoefficient &vcoeff)

 void ParGridFunction::ProjectDiscCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &coeff)
 {
-   MFEM_VERIFY(VectorDim() == coeff.GetVDim(), "coeff vdim != VectorDim()");
   // local maximal element attribute for each dof
   Array<int> ldof_attr;

@@ -764,9 +761,6 @@ void ParGridFunction::ProjectDiscCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &coeff)

 void ParGridFunction::ProjectDiscCoefficient(Coefficient &coeff, AvgType type)
 {
-   MFEM_VERIFY(
-      VectorDim() == 1,
-      "Cannot project scalar coefficient onto a vector ParGridFunction");
   // Harmonic  (x1 ... xn) = [ (1/x1 + ... + 1/xn) / n ]^-1.
   // Arithmetic(x1 ... xn) = (x1 + ... + xn) / n.

@@ -792,8 +786,6 @@ void ParGridFunction::ProjectDiscCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &vcoeff,
   // Harmonic  (x1 ... xn) = [ (1/x1 + ... + 1/xn) / n ]^-1.
   // Arithmetic(x1 ... xn) = (x1 + ... + xn) / n.

-   MFEM_VERIFY(VectorDim() == vcoeff.GetVDim(), "vcoeff vdim != VectorDim()");
-
   // Number of zones that contain a given dof.
   Array<int> zones_per_vdof;
   AccumulateAndCountZones(vcoeff, type, zones_per_vdof);
@@ -866,12 +858,6 @@ void ParGridFunction::ProjectBdrCoefficient(
 #endif
 }

-void ParGridFunction::ProjectBdrCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &vcoeff,
-                                            const Array<int> &attr)
-{
-   ProjectBdrCoefficient(NULL, &vcoeff, attr);
-}
-
 void ParGridFunction::ProjectBdrCoefficientTangent(VectorCoefficient &vcoeff,
                                                   const Array<int> &bdr_attr)
 {
@@ -1582,39 +1568,6 @@ PLBound ParGridFunction::GetBounds(Vector &lower, Vector &upper,
   return plb;
 }

-std::pair<real_t, real_t> ParGridFunction::EstimateFunctionMinimum(
-   const int vdim, const PLBound &plb, const int max_depth,
-   const real_t tol) const
-{
-   std::pair<real_t, real_t> minmax =
-      GridFunction::EstimateFunctionMinimum(vdim, plb, max_depth, tol);
-
-   real_t glob_min_lower = minmax.first;
-   real_t glob_min_upper = minmax.second;
-   MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, &glob_min_lower, 1,
-                 MFEM_MPI_REAL_T, MPI_MIN, pfes->GetComm());
-   MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, &glob_min_upper, 1,
-                 MFEM_MPI_REAL_T, MPI_MIN, pfes->GetComm());
-
-   return std::make_pair(glob_min_lower, glob_min_upper);
-}
-
-std::pair<real_t, real_t> ParGridFunction::EstimateFunctionMaximum(
-   const int vdim, const PLBound &plb, const int max_depth,
-   const real_t tol) const
-{
-   std::pair<real_t, real_t> minmax =
-      GridFunction::EstimateFunctionMaximum(vdim, plb, max_depth, tol);
-
-   real_t glob_max_lower = minmax.first;
-   real_t glob_max_upper = minmax.second;
-   MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, &glob_max_lower, 1,
-                 MFEM_MPI_REAL_T, MPI_MAX, pfes->GetComm());
-   MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, &glob_max_upper, 1,
-                 MFEM_MPI_REAL_T, MPI_MAX, pfes->GetComm());
-   return std::make_pair(glob_max_lower, glob_max_upper);
-}
-
 } // namespace mfem

 #endif // MFEM_USE_MPI
@@ -280,7 +280,8 @@ public:
   using GridFunction::ProjectBdrCoefficient;

   void ProjectBdrCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &vcoeff,
-                              const Array<int> &attr) override;
+                              const Array<int> &attr) override
+   { ProjectBdrCoefficient(NULL, &vcoeff, attr); }

   void ProjectBdrCoefficient(Coefficient *coeff[],
                              const Array<int> &attr) override
@@ -608,18 +609,6 @@ public:
   PLBound GetBounds(Vector &lower, Vector &upper,
                     const int ref_factor=1, const int vdim=-1) const override;

-   /** @brief Estimate the GridFunction minimum across all elements. */
-   std::pair<real_t, real_t> EstimateFunctionMinimum(const int vdim,
-                                                     const PLBound &plb,
-                                                     const int max_depth,
-                                                     const real_t tol) const override;
-
-   /** @brief Estimate the GridFunction maximum across all elements. */
-   std::pair<real_t, real_t> EstimateFunctionMaximum(const int vdim,
-                                                     const PLBound &plb,
-                                                     const int max_depth,
-                                                     const real_t tol) const override;
-
   /** Save the local portion of the ParGridFunction. This differs from the
       serial GridFunction::Save in that it takes into account the signs of
       the local dofs. */
@@ -321,17 +321,12 @@ void ParL2FaceRestriction::DoubleValuedConformingMult(
   const int vd = vdim;
   const bool t = byvdim;
   const int threshold = ndofs;
-   const int nsdofs = pfes.GetFaceNbrVSize() / vd;
+   const int nsdofs = pfes.GetFaceNbrVSize();
   auto d_indices1 = scatter_indices1.Read();
   auto d_indices2 = scatter_indices2.Read();
   auto d_x = Reshape(x.Read(), t?vd:ndofs, t?ndofs:vd);
-   const int ne_shared = nsdofs / elem_dofs;
-   const int nedof = elem_dofs;
-   // Note: the shape of face_nbr_data, as determined by
-   // ParFiniteElementSpace::ExchangeFaceNbrData, is (elem_dofs, vdim,
-   // ne_shared), independent of the ordering (byNODES or byVDIM) of the finite
-   // element space.
-   auto d_x_shared = Reshape(face_nbr_data.Read(), elem_dofs, vd, ne_shared);
+   auto d_x_shared = Reshape(face_nbr_data.Read(),
+                             t?vd:nsdofs, t?nsdofs:vd);
   auto d_y = Reshape(y.Write(), nface_dofs, vd, 2, nf);
   mfem::forall(nfdofs, [=] MFEM_HOST_DEVICE (int i)
   {
@@ -351,9 +346,8 @@ void ParL2FaceRestriction::DoubleValuedConformingMult(
         }
         else if (idx2>=threshold) // shared boundary
         {
-            const int e_shared = (idx2 - threshold) / nedof;
-            const int i_shared = (idx2 - threshold) % nedof;
-            d_y(dof, c, 1, face) = d_x_shared(i_shared,c,e_shared);
+            d_y(dof, c, 1, face) = d_x_shared(t?c:(idx2-threshold),
+                                              t?(idx2-threshold):c);
         }
         else // true boundary
         {
@@ -271,7 +271,10 @@ inline void QuadratureFunction::GetValues(
   const int s_offset = qspace->Offset(idx);
   const int sl_size = qspace->Offset(idx + 1) - s_offset;
   // Make the values matrix memory an alias of the quadrature function memory
-   values.MakeRef(GetMemory(), vdim*s_offset, vdim, sl_size);
+   Memory<real_t> &values_mem = values.GetMemory();
+   values_mem.Delete();
+   values_mem.MakeAlias(GetMemory(), vdim*s_offset, vdim*sl_size);
+   values.SetSize(vdim, sl_size);
 }

 inline void QuadratureFunction::GetValues(
@@ -334,16 +334,17 @@ template<int DIM, int SDIM, int D1D, int Q1D>
 QuadratureInterpolator::DetKernelType
 QuadratureInterpolator::DetKernels::Kernel()
 {
-   if constexpr (DIM == 1)
+   if (DIM == 1)
   {
-      if constexpr (SDIM == 1) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Det1D; }
-      else if constexpr (SDIM == 2) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Det1DSurface<D1D, Q1D, 2>; }
-      else if constexpr (SDIM == 3) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Det1DSurface<D1D, Q1D, 3>; }
+      if (SDIM == 1) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Det1D; }
+      else if (SDIM == 2) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Det1DSurface<D1D, Q1D, 2>; }
+      else if (SDIM == 3) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Det1DSurface<D1D, Q1D, 3>; }
+      else { MFEM_ABORT(""); }
   }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 2 && SDIM == 2) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Det2D<D1D, Q1D>; }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 2 && SDIM == 3) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Det2DSurface<D1D, Q1D>; }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 3) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Det3D<D1D, Q1D>; }
-   MFEM_ABORT("");
+   else if (DIM == 2 && SDIM == 2) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Det2D<D1D, Q1D>; }
+   else if (DIM == 2 && SDIM == 3) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Det2DSurface<D1D, Q1D>; }
+   else if (DIM == 3) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Det3D<D1D, Q1D>; }
+   else { MFEM_ABORT(""); }
 }

 /// @endcond
@@ -203,10 +203,10 @@ template<int DIM, QVectorLayout Q_LAYOUT,
 QuadratureInterpolator::TensorEvalKernelType
 QuadratureInterpolator::TensorEvalKernels::Kernel()
 {
-   if constexpr (DIM == 1) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Values1D<Q_LAYOUT>; }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 2) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Values2D<Q_LAYOUT, VDIM, D1D, Q1D, NBZ>; }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 3) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Values3D<Q_LAYOUT, VDIM, D1D, Q1D>; }
-   MFEM_ABORT("");
+   if (DIM == 1) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Values1D<Q_LAYOUT>; }
+   else if (DIM == 2) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Values2D<Q_LAYOUT, VDIM, D1D, Q1D, NBZ>; }
+   else if (DIM == 3) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Values3D<Q_LAYOUT, VDIM, D1D, Q1D>; }
+   else { MFEM_ABORT(""); }
 }

 /// @endcond
@@ -453,15 +453,8 @@ QuadratureInterpolator::TensorEvalHDivKernels::Kernel()
 {
   using namespace internal::quadrature_interpolator;
   static_assert(DIM == 2 || DIM == 3, "only DIM=2 and DIM=3 are implemented!");
-   if constexpr (DIM == 2)
-   {
-      return EvalHDiv2D<Q_LAYOUT, FLAGS, D1D, Q1D>;
-   }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 3)
-   {
-      return EvalHDiv3D<Q_LAYOUT, FLAGS, D1D, Q1D>;
-   }
-   MFEM_ABORT("only DIM=2 and DIM=3 are implemented!");
+   if (DIM == 2) { return EvalHDiv2D<Q_LAYOUT, FLAGS, D1D, Q1D>; }
+   return EvalHDiv3D<Q_LAYOUT, FLAGS, D1D, Q1D>;
 }

 /// @endcond
@@ -592,10 +592,10 @@ template<int DIM, QVectorLayout Q_LAYOUT, bool GRAD_PHYS, int VDIM, int D1D,
 QuadratureInterpolator::GradKernelType
 QuadratureInterpolator::GradKernels::Kernel()
 {
-   if constexpr (DIM == 1) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Derivatives1D<Q_LAYOUT, GRAD_PHYS>; }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 2) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Derivatives2D<Q_LAYOUT, GRAD_PHYS, VDIM, D1D, Q1D, NBZ>; }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 3) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Derivatives3D<Q_LAYOUT, GRAD_PHYS, VDIM, D1D, Q1D>; }
-   MFEM_ABORT("");
+   if (DIM == 1) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Derivatives1D<Q_LAYOUT, GRAD_PHYS>; }
+   else if (DIM == 2) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Derivatives2D<Q_LAYOUT, GRAD_PHYS, VDIM, D1D, Q1D, NBZ>; }
+   else if (DIM == 3) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::Derivatives3D<Q_LAYOUT, GRAD_PHYS, VDIM, D1D, Q1D>; }
+   else { MFEM_ABORT(""); }
 }

 template<int DIM, QVectorLayout Q_LAYOUT, bool GRAD_PHYS, int VDIM, int D1D,
@@ -603,10 +603,10 @@ template<int DIM, QVectorLayout Q_LAYOUT, bool GRAD_PHYS, int VDIM, int D1D,
 QuadratureInterpolator::CollocatedGradKernelType
 QuadratureInterpolator::CollocatedGradKernels::Kernel()
 {
-   if constexpr (DIM == 1) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::CollocatedDerivatives1D<Q_LAYOUT, GRAD_PHYS>; }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 2) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::CollocatedDerivatives2D<Q_LAYOUT, GRAD_PHYS, VDIM, D1D, NBZ>; }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 3) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::CollocatedDerivatives3D<Q_LAYOUT, GRAD_PHYS, VDIM, D1D>; }
-   MFEM_ABORT("");
+   if (DIM == 1) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::CollocatedDerivatives1D<Q_LAYOUT, GRAD_PHYS>; }
+   else if (DIM == 2) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::CollocatedDerivatives2D<Q_LAYOUT, GRAD_PHYS, VDIM, D1D, NBZ>; }
+   else if (DIM == 3) { return internal::quadrature_interpolator::CollocatedDerivatives3D<Q_LAYOUT, GRAD_PHYS, VDIM, D1D>; }
+   else { MFEM_ABORT(""); }
 }

 /// @endcond
@@ -752,10 +752,10 @@ template <int DIM, int VDIM, int ND, int NQ>
 EvalKernel QuadratureInterpolator::EvalKernels::Kernel()
 {
   using namespace internal::quadrature_interpolator;
-   if constexpr (DIM == 1) { return Eval1D; }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 2) { return Eval2D<VDIM,ND,NQ>; }
-   else if constexpr (DIM == 3) { return Eval3D<VDIM,ND,NQ>; }
-   MFEM_ABORT("");
+   if (DIM == 1) { return Eval1D; }
+   else if (DIM == 2) { return Eval2D<VDIM,ND,NQ>; }
+   else if (DIM == 3) { return Eval3D<VDIM,ND,NQ>; }
+   else { MFEM_ABORT(""); }
 }

 template <int DIM>
@@ -844,6 +844,8 @@ void ConformingFaceRestriction::ComputeGatherIndices(
   gather_offsets[0] = 0;
 }

+static inline int absdof(int i) { return i < 0 ? -1-i : i; }
+
 void ConformingFaceRestriction::SetFaceDofsScatterIndices(
   const Mesh::FaceInformation &face,
   const int face_index,
@@ -866,9 +868,9 @@ void ConformingFaceRestriction::SetFaceDofsScatterIndices(
   {
      const int lex_volume_dof = face_map[face_dof];
      const int s_volume_dof = AsConst(vol_dof_map)[lex_volume_dof]; // signed
-      const int volume_dof = UnsignIndex(s_volume_dof);
+      const int volume_dof = absdof(s_volume_dof);
      const int s_global_dof = elem_map[elem_index*elem_dofs + volume_dof];
-      const int global_dof = UnsignIndex(s_global_dof);
+      const int global_dof = absdof(s_global_dof);
      const int restriction_dof = face_dofs*face_index + face_dof;
      scatter_indices[restriction_dof] = s_global_dof;
      ++gather_offsets[global_dof + 1];
@@ -895,10 +897,10 @@ void ConformingFaceRestriction::SetFaceDofsGatherIndices(
   {
      const int lex_volume_dof = face_map[face_dof];
      const int s_volume_dof = AsConst(vol_dof_map)[lex_volume_dof];
-      const int volume_dof = UnsignIndex(s_volume_dof);
+      const int volume_dof = absdof(s_volume_dof);
      const int s_global_dof = elem_map[elem_index*elem_dofs + volume_dof];
      const int sgn = (s_global_dof >= 0) ? 1 : -1;
-      const int global_dof = UnsignIndex(s_global_dof);
+      const int global_dof = absdof(s_global_dof);
      const int restriction_dof = face_dofs*face_index + face_dof;
      const int s_restriction_dof = (sgn >= 0) ? restriction_dof : -1 -
                                    restriction_dof;
@@ -1398,17 +1400,20 @@ void L2FaceRestriction::PermuteAndSetSharedFaceDofsScatterIndices2(
   const int dim = fes.GetMesh()->Dimension();
   const int dof1d = fes.GetTypicalFE()->GetOrder()+1;
   fes.GetTypicalFE()->GetFaceMap(face_id2, face_map);
+   Array<int> face_nbr_dofs;
+   const ParFiniteElementSpace &pfes =
+      static_cast<const ParFiniteElementSpace&>(this->fes);
+   pfes.GetFaceNbrElementVDofs(elem_index, face_nbr_dofs);

   for (int face_dof_elem1 = 0; face_dof_elem1 < face_dofs; ++face_dof_elem1)
   {
      const int face_dof_elem2 = PermuteFaceL2(dim, face_id1, face_id2,
                                               orientation, dof1d, face_dof_elem1);
      const int volume_dof_elem2 = face_map[face_dof_elem2];
-      // Encode the volume DOF index and element index
-      const int global_dof_elem2 = elem_index*elem_dofs + volume_dof_elem2;
+      const int global_dof_elem2 = face_nbr_dofs[volume_dof_elem2];
      const int restriction_dof_elem2 = face_dofs*face_index + face_dof_elem1;
      // Trick to differentiate dof location inter/shared
-      scatter_indices2[restriction_dof_elem2] = ndofs + global_dof_elem2;
+      scatter_indices2[restriction_dof_elem2] = ndofs+global_dof_elem2;
   }
 #endif
 }
@@ -4102,11 +4102,8 @@ void TMOP_Integrator::GetSurfaceFittingErrors(const Vector &d_loc,
 #ifdef MFEM_USE_MPI
      // Don't count the overlapping DOFs in parallel.
      // The pfes might be ordered byVDIM, while the loop goes consecutively.
-      if (parallel)
-      {
-         const int dof_i = pfes->DofToVDof(i, 0);
-         if (pfes->GetLocalTDofNumber(dof_i) < 0) { continue; }
-      }
+      const int dof_i = pfes->DofToVDof(i, 0);
+      if (parallel && pfes->GetLocalTDofNumber(dof_i) < 0) { continue; }
 #endif

      dof_cnt++;
@@ -114,22 +114,10 @@ public:
   Array<T> &operator=(const Array<T> &src) { src.Copy(*this); return *this; }

   /// Move assignment operator
-   /** If *this is a non-owning view (e.g., from MakeRef()), the data is copied
-       so that the base is also modified. */
   Array<T> &operator=(Array<T> &&src)
   {
      if (this == &src) { return *this; }
-      // If *this is a non-owning view (alias), and its capacity is sufficient
-      // to contain src, then copy into *this so that the alias's base memory is
-      // modified.
-      if (!OwnsData() && Capacity() >= src.Size())
-      {
-         *this = src; // Copy assignment.
-      }
-      else
-      {
-         Swap(src); // Swap the pointers only.
-      }
+      Swap(src);  // Swap does not use move assignment!
      src.DeleteAll();
      return *this;
   }
@@ -263,9 +251,6 @@ public:
   /// Make this Array a reference to 'master'.
   inline void MakeRef(const Array &master);

-   /// Make this Array a reference to the given sub-Memory of @a base.
-   inline void MakeRef(Memory<T> &base, int offset, int size_);
-
   /// Reset the Array to use the given external Memory @a mem and size @a s.
   /** If @a own_mem is false, the Array will not own any of the pointers of
       @a mem.
@@ -1088,14 +1073,6 @@ inline void Array<T>::MakeRef(const Array &master)
   data.MakeAlias(master.GetMemory(), 0, size);
 }

-template <class T>
-inline void Array<T>::MakeRef(Memory<T> &base, int offset, int size_)
-{
-   data.Delete();
-   size = size_;
-   data.MakeAlias(base, offset, size_);
-}
-
 template <class T>
 inline void Array<T>::NewMemoryAndSize(
   const Memory<T> &mem, int s, bool own_mem)
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@

 #include "../config/config.hpp"
 #include "array.hpp"
-#include "text.hpp"

 #include <iostream>
 #include <map>
@@ -248,8 +247,7 @@ inline void ArraysByName<T>::Print(std::ostream &os, int width) const
   os << data.size() << '\n';
   for (auto const &it : data)
   {
-      // Note: The method Load() can read any string formatted with std::quoted.
-      os << std::quoted(it.first) << '\n' << it.second.Size() << '\n';
+      os << '"' << it.first << '"' << '\n' << it.second.Size() << '\n';
      it.second.Print(os, width > 0 ? width : it.second.Size());
   }
 }
@@ -260,36 +258,31 @@ void ArraysByName<T>::Load(std::istream &in)
   int NumArrays;
   in >> NumArrays;

-   for (int i = 0; i < NumArrays; i++)
+   std::string ArrayLine, ArrayName;
+   for (int i=0; i < NumArrays; i++)
   {
      in >> std::ws;
-      // Read the name:
-      // - If the stream 'in' starts with " then parse it with the function
-      //   parse_quoted_string() from text.hpp. In this case, the name can be
-      //   empty. Note: this case allows for reading any string formatted using
-      //   std::quoted, e.g. as in the method Print().
-      // - If the name does not start with " then the name ends with the first
-      //   white space character (and the white space character is not included
-      //   in the name). Since white space characters are skipped before reading
-      //   the name, there will be at least one non-white-space character in the
-      //   name in this case.
-      std::string ArrayName;
-      if (in.peek() == '"')
+      getline(in, ArrayLine);
+
+      std::size_t q0 = ArrayLine.find('"');
+      std::size_t q1 = ArrayLine.rfind('"');
+
+      if (q0 != std::string::npos && q1 > q0)
      {
-         if (parse_quoted_string(ArrayName, in) != 0)
-         {
-            MFEM_ABORT("error parsing input!");
-         }
+         // Locate set name between first and last double quote
+         ArrayName = ArrayLine.substr(q0+1,q1-q0-1);
      }
      else
      {
-         in >> ArrayName;
-         MFEM_VERIFY(in.good(), "error parsing input!");
+         // If no double quotes found locate set name using white space
+         q1 = ArrayLine.find(' ');
+         ArrayName = ArrayLine.substr(0,q1-1);
      }

-      // Read the array
-      data[ArrayName].Load(in);
+      // Ignore the remainder of the line which may contain explanatory comments
+      data[ArrayName].Load(in, 0);
   }
+
 }

 }
@@ -726,16 +726,16 @@ std::string Device::GetUUID(const int device_id)
   MFEM_GPU_CHECK(cudaGetDeviceProperties(&prop, device_id));
   for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
   {
-      const unsigned b = static_cast<unsigned char>(prop.uuid.bytes[i]);
-      res << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(2) << std::hex << b;
+      res << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(2) << std::hex
+          << static_cast<unsigned>(prop.uuid.bytes[i]);
   }
 #elif defined(MFEM_USE_HIP)
   hipUUID uuid;
   MFEM_GPU_CHECK(hipDeviceGetUuid(&uuid, device_id));
   for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
   {
-      const unsigned b = static_cast<unsigned char>(uuid.bytes[i]);
-      res << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(2) << std::hex << b;
+      res << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(2) << std::hex
+          << static_cast<unsigned>(uuid.bytes[i]);
   }
 #endif
   return res.str();
@@ -113,10 +113,6 @@ void SetGlobalMPI_Comm(MPI_Comm comm);
 /// to suppress the warning.
 const char* GetEnv(const char* name);

-/// Signed indices i -> -1 - i are used as a convention to encode orientation.
-inline MFEM_HOST_DEVICE int FlipIndexSign(int i) { return -1 - i; }
-inline MFEM_HOST_DEVICE int UnsignIndex(int i) { return i < 0 ? -1 - i : i; }
-
 } // namespace mfem

 #endif
@@ -759,9 +759,7 @@ private:
   {
      switch (mt)
      {
-         case MT::HOST_DEBUG:
-            if (GetEnv("MFEM_MMU_STD")) { return new StdHostMemorySpace(); }
-            return new MmuHostMemorySpace();
+         case MT::HOST_DEBUG: return new MmuHostMemorySpace();
 #ifdef MFEM_USE_UMPIRE
         case MT::HOST_UMPIRE:
            return new UmpireHostMemorySpace(
@@ -790,9 +788,7 @@ private:
         case MT::DEVICE_UMPIRE: return new NoDeviceMemorySpace();
         case MT::DEVICE_UMPIRE_2: return new NoDeviceMemorySpace();
 #endif
-         case MT::DEVICE_DEBUG:
-            if (GetEnv("MFEM_MMU_STD")) { return new StdDeviceMemorySpace(); }
-            return new MmuDeviceMemorySpace();
+         case MT::DEVICE_DEBUG: return new MmuDeviceMemorySpace();
         case MT::DEVICE:
         {
 #if defined(MFEM_USE_CUDA)
@@ -50,48 +50,6 @@ inline void filter_dos(std::string &line)
   }
 }

-/** @brief Read a string formatted using std::quoted. Return nonzero on error.
-
-    The stream @a in must begin with @a delim. After clearing @a result and
-    extracting the opening @a delim, characters are extracted from @a in and
-    processed as follows:
-    - if the character is @a delim, return 0;
-    - if the character is different from @a escape, it is appended to @a result;
-    - if the character is @a escape, the next character from @a in is extracted
-      and if it is one of @a delim or @a escape, it is appended to @a result;
-      otherwise, both @a escape and the character after it are appended to
-      @a result; note that the latter case is not possible if the input was
-      formatted with std::quoted with the same @a delim and @a escape
-      characters.
-
-    If the stream @a in does not begin with @a delim, error code 1 is returned.
-    If reading the stream fails, error code 2 is returned. On success, zero is
-    returned and the closing @a delim character is the last character extracted
-    from @a in. */
-inline int parse_quoted_string(std::string &result, std::istream &in,
-                               char delim = '"', char escape = '\\')
-{
-   using tt = std::string::traits_type;  // std::char_traits<char>
-   auto equal = [](tt::int_type c1, tt::char_type c2) -> bool
-   {
-      return tt::eq_int_type(c1, tt::to_int_type(c2));
-   };
-   result.clear();
-   if (!equal(in.peek(), delim)) { return 1; }
-   in.get();  // extract delim
-   for (auto c = in.get(); !equal(c, delim); c = in.get())
-   {
-      if (equal(c, escape))
-      {
-         c = in.get();
-         if (!equal(c, escape) && !equal(c, delim)) { result += escape; }
-      }
-      if (!in) { return 2; }
-      result += tt::to_char_type(c);
-   }
-   return 0;
-}
-
 /// Convert an integer to a 0-padded string with the given number of @a digits
 inline std::string to_padded_string(int i, int digits)
 {
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ list(APPEND HDRS
  dinvariants.hpp
  dtensor.hpp
  dual.hpp
+  eigensolver.hpp
  filteredsolver.hpp
  handle.hpp
  invariants.hpp
@@ -82,15 +82,6 @@ public:
      }
   }

-   /// Make the DenseMatrix to reference the given sub-Memory of @a base.
-   /** The DenseMatrix does not assume ownership of the data array, i.e. it will
-       not delete the @a base Memory. */
-   void MakeRef(Memory<real_t> &base, int offset, int h, int w)
-   {
-      data.MakeRef(base, offset, h*w);
-      height = h; width = w;
-   }
-
   /// Change the data array and the size of the DenseMatrix.
   /** The DenseMatrix does not assume ownership of the data array, i.e. it will
       not delete the data array @a d. */
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2010-2025, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. Produced
+// at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. All Rights reserved. See files
+// LICENSE and NOTICE for details. LLNL-CODE-806117.
+//
+// This file is part of the MFEM library. For more information and source code
+// availability visit https://mfem.org.
+//
+// MFEM is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
+// terms of the BSD-3 license. We welcome feedback and contributions, see file
+// CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+/**
+ * @file eigensolver.hpp
+ *
+ * @brief This file contains a common interface for all eigensolver classes
+ */
+
+#ifndef MFEM_EIGENSOLVER
+#define MFEM_EIGENSOLVER
+
+#ifdef MFEM_HYPRE
+#include "hypre.hpp"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef MFEM_SLEPC
+#include "slepc.hpp"
+#endif
+
+namespace mfem
+{
+
+enum class EigenSolverType
+{
+   HYPRE,
+   SLEPC,
+   INVALID_TYPE
+};
+
+/// Provides base class for MFEM Eigensolvers
+class EigenSolverBase
+{
+public:
+   EigenSolverBase() {}
+
+   /// Destructor
+   virtual ~EigenSolverBase() = default;
+
+   /// Solves the eigenvalue problem
+   virtual void Solve() = 0;
+
+   /// Set the required number of modes
+   virtual void SetNumModes(int num_Modes)
+   {
+      numModes=num_Modes;
+   }
+
+   /// @brief  Set the operator to the eigenvalue problem
+   /// @param A - operator
+   virtual void SetOperator(Operator& A) = 0;
+
+   /// @brief Sets operators for the generalized eigenvalue problem
+   /// @param A - operator
+   /// @param M - mass matrix
+   virtual void SetOperator(Operator& A, Operator& M)
+   {
+      MFEM_ABORT("Generalized eigensolver is not supported!");
+   }
+
+   /// Optional method - sets preconditioner for the
+   /// eigenvalue solver.
+   virtual void SetPreconditioner(Solver& precond)
+   {
+      MFEM_ABORT("Preconditioner is not supported!");
+   }
+
+   /// Returns the converged eigenvalues
+   virtual void GetEigenvalues(Array<real_t>& eigen_vals) = 0;
+
+   /// Returns the vec_index eigenvector.
+   virtual void GetEigenvector(int vec_index, Vector& vector) = 0;
+
+   /// Returns the eigensolver type.
+   EigenSolverType GetSolverType() { return eigSolverType; }
+
+protected:
+   int numModes = 0;
+   EigenSolverType eigSolverType = EigenSolverType::INVALID_TYPE;
+};
+
+#ifdef MFEM_HYPRE
+class EigenSolverHypreLOBPCG : public EigenSolverBase
+{
+public:
+   EigenSolverHypreLOBPCG(MPI_Comm comm)
+   {
+      eigenSolver = std::make_unique<HypreLOBPCG>(comm);
+      eigSolverType = EigenSolverType::HYPRE;
+   }
+
+   ~EigenSolverHypreLOBPCG() {}
+
+   void Solve() override { eigenSolver->Solve(); }
+   void SetNumModes(int num_Modes) override
+   {
+      eigenSolver->SetNumModes(num_Modes);
+      numModes = num_Modes;
+   }
+
+   void SetOperator(Operator& A) override { eigenSolver->SetOperator(A); }
+
+   void SetOperator(Operator& A, Operator& M) override
+   {
+      eigenSolver->SetOperator(A);
+      eigenSolver->SetMassMatrix(M);
+   }
+
+   void SetPreconditioner(Solver& precond) override { eigenSolver->SetPreconditioner(precond); }
+   void GetEigenvalues(Array<real_t>& eigen_vals) override { eigenSolver->GetEigenvalues(eigen_vals); }
+   void GetEigenvector(int vec_index, Vector& vector) override
+   {
+      const HypreParVector& eigenvec = eigenSolver->GetEigenvector(vec_index);
+      vector = eigenvec;
+   }
+
+   void SetTol(real_t tol) { eigenSolver->SetTol(tol); }
+   void SetRelTol(real_t rel_tol) { eigenSolver->SetRelTol(rel_tol); }
+   void SetMaxIter(int max_iter) { eigenSolver->SetMaxIter(max_iter); }
+   void SetPrintLevel(int logging) { eigenSolver->SetPrintLevel(logging); }
+   void SetRandomSeed(int seed) { eigenSolver->SetRandomSeed(seed); }
+   void SetPrecondUsageMode(int usage_mode) { eigenSolver->SetPrecondUsageMode(usage_mode); }
+
+private:
+   std::unique_ptr<HypreLOBPCG> eigenSolver = nullptr;
+};
+#endif
+
+#ifdef MFEM_SLEPC
+class EigenSolverSlepc : public EigenSolverBase
+{
+public:
+   EigenSolverSlepc(MPI_Comm comm)
+   {
+      eigSolverType = EigenSolverType::SLEPC;
+      eigenSolver = std::make_unique<SlepcEigenSolver>(comm);
+
+      eigenSolver->SetWhichEigenpairs(SlepcEigenSolver::TARGET_REAL);
+      eigenSolver->SetTarget(0.0);
+      eigenSolver->SetSpectralTransformation(SlepcEigenSolver::SHIFT_INVERT);
+   }
+
+   ~EigenSolverSlepc() {}
+
+   void Solve() override { eigenSolver->Solve(); }
+   void SetNumModes(int num_Modes) override
+   {
+      eigenSolver->SetNumModes(num_Modes);
+      numModes = num_Modes;
+   }
+   /// @brief  Set the operator to the slepc eigenvalue problem. This method deep copies data to create a PetscParMatrix
+   /// @param A - operator, must be of type HypreParMatrix.
+   void SetOperator(Operator& A) override
+   {
+      petscMatA = std::make_unique<PetscParMatrix>
+                  (dynamic_cast<HypreParMatrix*>(&A));
+      eigenSolver->SetOperator(*petscMatA);
+   }
+   /// @brief  Set the operators to the slepc eigenvalue problem. This method deep copies data to create a PetscParMatrix
+   /// @param A - operator, must be of type HypreParMatrix.
+   /// @param M - operator, must be of type HypreParMatrix.
+   void SetOperator(Operator& A, Operator& M) override
+   {
+      petscMatA = std::make_unique<PetscParMatrix>
+                  (dynamic_cast<const HypreParMatrix*>(&A));
+      petscMatM = std::make_unique<PetscParMatrix>
+                  (dynamic_cast<const HypreParMatrix*>(&M));
+
+      eigenSolver->SetOperators(*petscMatA, *petscMatM);
+   }
+   void SetPreconditioner([[maybe_unused]] Solver& precond) override {}
+   void GetEigenvalues(Array<real_t>& eigen_vals) override
+   {
+      eigen_vals.SetSize(numModes);
+      for (int ik = 0; ik < numModes; ik++)
+      {
+         eigenSolver->GetEigenvalue(static_cast<unsigned int>(ik), eigen_vals[ik]);
+      }
+   }
+   void GetEigenvector( int vec_index, Vector& vector) override
+   { eigenSolver->GetEigenvector(vec_index, vector); }
+
+   void SetTol(real_t tol) { eigenSolver->SetTol(tol); }
+   void SetMaxIter(int max_iter) { eigenSolver->SetMaxIter(max_iter); }
+
+private:
+   std::unique_ptr<SlepcEigenSolver> eigenSolver = nullptr;
+   std::unique_ptr<PetscParMatrix> petscMatA = nullptr;
+   std::unique_ptr<PetscParMatrix> petscMatM = nullptr;
+};
+#endif
+
+}  // namespace mfem
+
+#endif
@@ -317,9 +317,6 @@ void HypreParVector::WrapHypreParVector(hypre_ParVector *y, bool owner)

 Vector * HypreParVector::GlobalVector() const
 {
-   MFEM_VERIFY(size > 0,
-               "GlobalVector method can only be called on vectors wherein each "
-               "process owns one or more entries");
   hypre_Vector *hv = hypre_ParVectorToVectorAll(*this);
   Vector *v = new Vector(hv->data, internal::to_int(hv->size));
   v->MakeDataOwner();
@@ -38,13 +38,6 @@
 #if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,19,0)
 #define PETSC_SUCCESS 0
 #endif
-#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,23,0)
-#define PetscContainerSetCtxDestroy(A,B) PetscContainerSetUserDestroy(A,B)
-typedef PetscErrorCode (PetscCtxDestroyFn)(void**);
-#endif
-#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,24,0)
-typedef PetscErrorCode KSPMonitorFn(KSP,PetscInt,PetscReal,void*);
-#endif

 #include <fstream>
 #include <iomanip>
@@ -84,17 +77,13 @@ static PetscErrorCode __mfem_mat_shell_apply_transpose(Mat,Vec,Vec);
 static PetscErrorCode __mfem_mat_shell_destroy(Mat);
 static PetscErrorCode __mfem_mat_shell_copy(Mat,Mat,MatStructure);
 #if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,23,0)
-typedef void *PetscCtxRt;
-#elif PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,25,0)
-typedef void **PetscCtxRt;
-#endif
-static PetscErrorCode __mfem_array_container_destroy(PetscCtxRt);
-static PetscErrorCode __mfem_matarray_container_destroy(PetscCtxRt);
-#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,23,0)
-static PetscErrorCode __mfem_monitor_ctx_destroy(void**);
+static PetscErrorCode __mfem_array_container_destroy(void*);
+static PetscErrorCode __mfem_matarray_container_destroy(void *);
 #else
-static PetscErrorCode __mfem_monitor_ctx_destroy(PetscCtxRt);
+static PetscErrorCode __mfem_array_container_destroy(void**);
+static PetscErrorCode __mfem_matarray_container_destroy(void**);
 #endif
+static PetscErrorCode __mfem_monitor_ctx_destroy(void**);

 // auxiliary functions
 static PetscErrorCode Convert_Array_IS(MPI_Comm,bool,const mfem::Array<int>*,
@@ -1328,7 +1317,11 @@ BlockDiagonalConstructor(MPI_Comm comm,

         ierr = PetscContainerCreate(comm,&c); CCHKERRQ(comm,ierr);
         ierr = PetscContainerSetPointer(c,ptrs[i]); CCHKERRQ(comm,ierr);
+#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,23,0)
+         ierr = PetscContainerSetUserDestroy(c,__mfem_array_container_destroy);
+#else
         ierr = PetscContainerSetCtxDestroy(c,__mfem_array_container_destroy);
+#endif
         CCHKERRQ(comm,ierr);
         ierr = PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)A,names[i],(PetscObject)c);
         CCHKERRQ(comm,ierr);
@@ -1655,7 +1648,11 @@ void PetscParMatrix::ConvertOperator(MPI_Comm comm, const Operator &op, Mat* A,
         PetscContainer c;
         ierr = PetscContainerCreate(comm,&c); CCHKERRQ(comm,ierr);
         ierr = PetscContainerSetPointer(c,vmatsl2l); PCHKERRQ(c,ierr);
+#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,23,0)
+         ierr = PetscContainerSetUserDestroy(c,__mfem_matarray_container_destroy);
+#else
         ierr = PetscContainerSetCtxDestroy(c,__mfem_matarray_container_destroy);
+#endif
         PCHKERRQ(c,ierr);
         ierr = PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)(*A),"_MatIS_PtAP_l2l",(PetscObject)c);
         PCHKERRQ((*A),ierr);
@@ -1751,7 +1748,11 @@ void PetscParMatrix::ConvertOperator(MPI_Comm comm, const Operator &op, Mat* A,

            ierr = PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF,&c); PCHKERRQ(B,ierr);
            ierr = PetscContainerSetPointer(c,ptrs[i]); PCHKERRQ(B,ierr);
+#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,23,0)
+            ierr = PetscContainerSetUserDestroy(c,__mfem_array_container_destroy);
+#else
            ierr = PetscContainerSetCtxDestroy(c,__mfem_array_container_destroy);
+#endif
            PCHKERRQ(B,ierr);
            ierr = PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)(B),names[i],(PetscObject)c);
            PCHKERRQ(B,ierr);
@@ -2197,7 +2198,11 @@ PetscParMatrix * RAP(PetscParMatrix *Rt, PetscParMatrix *A, PetscParMatrix *P)
         ierr = PetscContainerCreate(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)B),&c);
         PCHKERRQ(B,ierr);
         ierr = PetscContainerSetPointer(c,vmatsl2l); PCHKERRQ(c,ierr);
+#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,23,0)
+         ierr = PetscContainerSetUserDestroy(c,__mfem_matarray_container_destroy);
+#else
         ierr = PetscContainerSetCtxDestroy(c,__mfem_matarray_container_destroy);
+#endif
         PCHKERRQ(c,ierr);
         ierr = PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)B,"_MatIS_PtAP_l2l",(PetscObject)c);
         PCHKERRQ(B,ierr);
@@ -2480,6 +2485,7 @@ void PetscSolver::SetMaxIter(int max_iter)

 void PetscSolver::SetPrintLevel(int plev)
 {
+   typedef PetscErrorCode (*myPetscFunc)(void**);
   PetscViewerAndFormat *vf = NULL;
   PetscViewer viewer = PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_(PetscObjectComm(obj));

@@ -2492,6 +2498,7 @@ void PetscSolver::SetPrintLevel(int plev)
   {
      // there are many other options, see the function KSPSetFromOptions() in
      // src/ksp/ksp/interface/itcl.c
+      typedef PetscErrorCode (*myMonitor)(KSP,PetscInt,PetscReal,void*);
      KSP ksp = (KSP)obj;
      if (plev >= 0)
      {
@@ -2500,29 +2507,29 @@ void PetscSolver::SetPrintLevel(int plev)
      if (plev == 1)
      {
 #if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,15,0)
-         ierr = KSPMonitorSet(ksp,(KSPMonitorFn *)KSPMonitorDefault,vf,
+         ierr = KSPMonitorSet(ksp,(myMonitor)KSPMonitorDefault,vf,
 #else
-         ierr = KSPMonitorSet(ksp,(KSPMonitorFn *)KSPMonitorResidual,vf,
+         ierr = KSPMonitorSet(ksp,(myMonitor)KSPMonitorResidual,vf,
 #endif
-                              (PetscCtxDestroyFn *)PetscViewerAndFormatDestroy);
+                              (myPetscFunc)PetscViewerAndFormatDestroy);
         PCHKERRQ(ksp,ierr);
      }
      else if (plev > 1)
      {
         ierr = KSPSetComputeSingularValues(ksp,PETSC_TRUE); PCHKERRQ(ksp,ierr);
-         ierr = KSPMonitorSet(ksp,(KSPMonitorFn *)KSPMonitorSingularValue,vf,
-                              (PetscCtxDestroyFn *)PetscViewerAndFormatDestroy);
+         ierr = KSPMonitorSet(ksp,(myMonitor)KSPMonitorSingularValue,vf,
+                              (myPetscFunc)PetscViewerAndFormatDestroy);
         PCHKERRQ(ksp,ierr);
         if (plev > 2)
         {
            ierr = PetscViewerAndFormatCreate(viewer,PETSC_VIEWER_DEFAULT,&vf);
            PCHKERRQ(viewer,ierr);
 #if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,15,0)
-            ierr = KSPMonitorSet(ksp,(KSPMonitorFn *)KSPMonitorTrueResidualNorm,vf,
+            ierr = KSPMonitorSet(ksp,(myMonitor)KSPMonitorTrueResidualNorm,vf,
 #else
-            ierr = KSPMonitorSet(ksp,(KSPMonitorFn *)KSPMonitorTrueResidual,vf,
+            ierr = KSPMonitorSet(ksp,(myMonitor)KSPMonitorTrueResidual,vf,
 #endif
-                                 (PetscCtxDestroyFn *)PetscViewerAndFormatDestroy);
+                                 (myPetscFunc)PetscViewerAndFormatDestroy);
            PCHKERRQ(ksp,ierr);
         }
      }
@@ -2538,7 +2545,7 @@ void PetscSolver::SetPrintLevel(int plev)
      if (plev > 0)
      {
         ierr = SNESMonitorSet(snes,(myMonitor)SNESMonitorDefault,vf,
-                               (PetscCtxDestroyFn *)PetscViewerAndFormatDestroy);
+                               (myPetscFunc)PetscViewerAndFormatDestroy);
         PCHKERRQ(snes,ierr);
      }
   }
@@ -4156,31 +4163,20 @@ void PetscNonlinearSolver::SetUpdate(void (*update)(Operator *,int,
 void PetscNonlinearSolver::Mult(const Vector &b, Vector &x) const
 {
   SNES snes = (SNES)obj;
-   MPI_Comm comm = PetscObjectComm(obj);

-   // Reduction needed: some processes may have null local size while others don't,
-   // and VecPlaceArray (used by PlaceMemory) is a logically collective operation.
-   PetscBool b_nonempty = b.Size() ? PETSC_TRUE : PETSC_FALSE;
-#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,24,0)
-   mpiierr = MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE,&b_nonempty,1,MPIU_BOOL,MPI_LOR,comm);
-#else
-   mpiierr = MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE,&b_nonempty,1,MPI_C_BOOL,MPI_LOR,comm);
-#endif
-   CCHKERRQ(comm,mpiierr);
-
-   // Always create B with allocate=false so that PlaceMemory can be called on
-   // it regardless of whether b was empty on a previous call.
-   if (!B) { B = new PetscParVector(comm, *this, true, false); }
-   if (!X) { X = new PetscParVector(comm, *this, false, false); }
+   bool b_nonempty = b.Size();
+   if (!B) { B = new PetscParVector(PetscObjectComm(obj), *this, true); }
+   if (!X) { X = new PetscParVector(PetscObjectComm(obj), *this, false, false); }
   X->PlaceMemory(x.GetMemory(),iterative_mode);
   if (b_nonempty) { B->PlaceMemory(b.GetMemory()); }
+   else { *B = 0.0; }

   Customize();

   if (!iterative_mode) { *X = 0.; }

-   // Solve the system. Pass nullptr for b when empty (PETSc treats it as zero RHS).
-   ierr = SNESSolve(snes, b_nonempty ? B->x : nullptr, X->x); PCHKERRQ(snes, ierr);
+   // Solve the system.
+   ierr = SNESSolve(snes, B->x, X->x); PCHKERRQ(snes, ierr);
   X->ResetMemory();
   if (b_nonempty) { B->ResetMemory(); }
 }
@@ -5333,27 +5329,21 @@ static PetscErrorCode __mfem_pc_shell_destroy(PC pc)
   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
 }

-static PetscErrorCode __mfem_array_container_destroy(PetscCtxRt ptr)
+#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,23,0)
+
+static PetscErrorCode __mfem_array_container_destroy(void *ptr)
 {
   PetscErrorCode ierr;

   PetscFunctionBeginUser;
-#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,23,0)
   ierr = PetscFree(ptr); CHKERRQ(ierr);
-#else
-   ierr = PetscFree(*(void**)ptr); CHKERRQ(ierr);
-#endif
   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
 }

-static PetscErrorCode __mfem_matarray_container_destroy(PetscCtxRt ptr)
+static PetscErrorCode __mfem_matarray_container_destroy(void *ptr)
 {
-#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,23,0)
   mfem::Array<Mat> *a = (mfem::Array<Mat>*)ptr;
-#else
-   mfem::Array<Mat> *a = *(mfem::Array<Mat>**)ptr;
-#endif
-   PetscErrorCode ierr;
+   PetscErrorCode   ierr;

   PetscFunctionBeginUser;
   for (int i=0; i<a->Size(); i++)
@@ -5366,16 +5356,41 @@ static PetscErrorCode __mfem_matarray_container_destroy(PetscCtxRt ptr)
   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
 }

-#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,23,0)
-static PetscErrorCode __mfem_monitor_ctx_destroy(void **ctx)
 #else
-static PetscErrorCode __mfem_monitor_ctx_destroy(PetscCtxRt ctx)
-#endif
+
+static PetscErrorCode __mfem_array_container_destroy(void **ptr)
 {
   PetscErrorCode ierr;

   PetscFunctionBeginUser;
-   ierr = PetscFree(*(void**)ctx); CHKERRQ(ierr);
+   ierr = PetscFree(*ptr); CHKERRQ(ierr);
+   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+static PetscErrorCode __mfem_matarray_container_destroy(void **ptr)
+{
+   mfem::Array<Mat> *a = (mfem::Array<Mat>*)*ptr;
+   PetscErrorCode   ierr;
+
+   PetscFunctionBeginUser;
+   for (int i=0; i<a->Size(); i++)
+   {
+      Mat M = (*a)[i];
+      MPI_Comm comm = PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)M);
+      ierr = MatDestroy(&M); CCHKERRQ(comm,ierr);
+   }
+   delete a;
+   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static PetscErrorCode __mfem_monitor_ctx_destroy(void **ctx)
+{
+   PetscErrorCode  ierr;
+
+   PetscFunctionBeginUser;
+   ierr = PetscFree(*ctx); CHKERRQ(ierr);
   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
 }

@@ -5620,7 +5635,11 @@ static PetscErrorCode MatConvert_hypreParCSR_AIJ(hypre_ParCSRMatrix* hA,Mat* pA)

      ierr = PetscContainerCreate(comm,&c); CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscContainerSetPointer(c,ptrs[i]); CHKERRQ(ierr);
+#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,23,0)
+      ierr = PetscContainerSetUserDestroy(c,__mfem_array_container_destroy);
+#else
      ierr = PetscContainerSetCtxDestroy(c,__mfem_array_container_destroy);
+#endif
      CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)(*pA),names[i],(PetscObject)c);
      CHKERRQ(ierr);
@@ -5714,7 +5733,11 @@ static PetscErrorCode MatConvert_hypreParCSR_IS(hypre_ParCSRMatrix* hA,Mat* pA)

      ierr = PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF,&c); CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscContainerSetPointer(c,ptrs[i]); CHKERRQ(ierr);
+#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,23,0)
+      ierr = PetscContainerSetUserDestroy(c,__mfem_array_container_destroy);
+#else
      ierr = PetscContainerSetCtxDestroy(c,__mfem_array_container_destroy);
+#endif
      CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)lA,names[i],(PetscObject)c);
      CHKERRQ(ierr);
@@ -126,11 +126,11 @@ EXAMPLE_TEST_DIRS := examples
 MINIAPP_SUBDIRS = common electromagnetics meshing performance tools \
 toys nurbs gslib adjoint solvers shifted mtop parelag tribol autodiff dfem \
 hooke multidomain dpg hdiv-linear-solver spde diag-smoothers contact \
- fluids/navier fluids/schrodinger-flow plasma plasma/pic
+ fluids/navier fluids/schrodinger-flow
 MINIAPP_DIRS := $(addprefix miniapps/,$(MINIAPP_SUBDIRS))
 MINIAPP_TEST_DIRS := $(filter-out %/common,$(MINIAPP_DIRS))
 MINIAPP_USE_COMMON := $(addprefix miniapps/,electromagnetics meshing tools \
- toys shifted dpg diag-smoothers fluids/navier plasma plasma/pic)
+ toys shifted dpg diag-smoothers fluids/navier)

 EM_DIRS = $(EXAMPLE_DIRS) $(MINIAPP_DIRS)

@@ -493,7 +493,8 @@ void Mesh::GetBdrElementTransformation(int i,
         {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
            {
-               pm(k,j) = nodes(UnsignIndex(vdofs[n*k+j]));
+               int idx = vdofs[n*k+j];
+               pm(k,j) = nodes((idx<0)? -1-idx:idx);
            }
         }
         ElTr->SetFE(bdr_el);
@@ -1355,7 +1356,7 @@ Mesh::FaceInformation Mesh::GetFaceInformation(int f) const
               face.element[0].conformity = ElementConformity::Coincident;
               face.element[1].conformity = ElementConformity::Coincident;
               face.element[1].location = ElementLocation::FaceNbr;
-               face.element[1].index = FlipIndexSign(e2);
+               face.element[1].index = -1 - e2;
               face.element[1].orientation = inf2%64;
            }
         }
@@ -1378,7 +1379,7 @@ Mesh::FaceInformation Mesh::GetFaceInformation(int f) const
               face.element[1].location = ElementLocation::FaceNbr;
               face.element[0].conformity = ElementConformity::Coincident;
               face.element[1].conformity = ElementConformity::Superset;
-               face.element[1].index = FlipIndexSign(e2);
+               face.element[1].index = -1 - e2;
               face.element[1].orientation = inf2%64;
            }
            face.point_matrix = nc_faces_info[ncface].PointMatrix;
@@ -1404,7 +1405,7 @@ Mesh::FaceInformation Mesh::GetFaceInformation(int f) const
         face.element[1].location = ElementLocation::FaceNbr;
         face.element[0].conformity = ElementConformity::Superset;
         face.element[1].conformity = ElementConformity::Coincident;
-         face.element[1].index = FlipIndexSign(e2);
+         face.element[1].index = -1 - e2;
         face.element[1].orientation = inf2%64;
         face.point_matrix = nc_faces_info[ncface].PointMatrix;
      }
@@ -1437,7 +1438,7 @@ Mesh::FaceInformation::operator Mesh::FaceInfo() const
         break;
      case FaceInfoTag::SharedConforming:
         res.Elem1No = element[0].index;
-         res.Elem2No = FlipIndexSign(element[1].index);
+         res.Elem2No = -1 - element[1].index;
         res.Elem1Inf = element[0].orientation + element[0].local_face_id*64;
         res.Elem2Inf = element[1].orientation + element[1].local_face_id*64;
         break;
@@ -1447,7 +1448,7 @@ Mesh::FaceInformation::operator Mesh::FaceInfo() const
         break;
      case FaceInfoTag::SharedSlaveNonconforming:
         res.Elem1No = element[0].index;
-         res.Elem2No = FlipIndexSign(element[1].index);
+         res.Elem2No = -1 - element[1].index;
         res.Elem1Inf = element[0].orientation + element[0].local_face_id*64;
         res.Elem2Inf = element[1].orientation + element[1].local_face_id*64;
         break;
@@ -1455,7 +1456,7 @@ Mesh::FaceInformation::operator Mesh::FaceInfo() const
         break;
      case FaceInfoTag::GhostSlave:
         res.Elem1No = element[0].index;
-         res.Elem2No = FlipIndexSign(element[1].index);
+         res.Elem2No = -1 - element[1].index;
         res.Elem1Inf = element[0].orientation + element[0].local_face_id*64;
         res.Elem2Inf = element[1].orientation + element[1].local_face_id*64;
         break;
@@ -6513,7 +6514,7 @@ void Mesh::LoadPatchTopo(std::istream &input, Array<int> &edge_to_ukv)
         input >> edge_to_ukv[j] >> v[0] >> v[1];
         if (v[0] > v[1])
         {
-            edge_to_ukv[j] = FlipIndexSign(edge_to_ukv[j]);
+            edge_to_ukv[j] = -1 - edge_to_ukv[j];
         }
      }
   }
@@ -6550,6 +6551,9 @@ void Mesh::GetEdgeToUniqueKnotvector(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv,
   const int NP = NumOfElements; // number of patches
   const int NPKV = NP * dim;    // number of patch knotvectors
   constexpr int notset = -9999999;
+   // Sign convention
+   auto flipSign = [](int i) { return -1 - i; };
+   auto unSign = [](int i) { return (i < 0) ? -1 - i : i; };
   // Local edge index -> dimension convention
   auto edge_to_dim = [](int i) { return (i < 8) ? ((i & 1) ? 1 : 0) : 2; };

@@ -6565,7 +6569,7 @@ void Mesh::GetEdgeToUniqueKnotvector(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv,
      {
         GetElementVertices(i, v);
         // Sign is based on the edge's vertex indices
-         edge_to_ukv[i] = (v[1] > v[0]) ? i : FlipIndexSign(i);
+         edge_to_ukv[i] = (v[1] > v[0]) ? i : flipSign(i);
         ukv_to_rpkv[i] = i;
      }
      return;
@@ -6615,14 +6619,14 @@ void Mesh::GetEdgeToUniqueKnotvector(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv,
         // We've set this edge already - link this index to it
         if (edge_to_pkv[edge] != notset)
         {
-            const int pkv_other = UnsignIndex(edge_to_pkv[edge]);
+            const int pkv_other = unSign(edge_to_pkv[edge]);
            unite(pkv, pkv_other);
         }
         else
         {
            GetEdgeVertices(edge, v);
            // Sign is based on the edge's vertex indices
-            edge_to_pkv[edge] = (v[1] > v[0]) ? pkv : FlipIndexSign(pkv);
+            edge_to_pkv[edge] = (v[1] > v[0]) ? pkv : flipSign(pkv);
         }
      }
   }
@@ -6649,10 +6653,10 @@ void Mesh::GetEdgeToUniqueKnotvector(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv,
   edge_to_ukv.SetSize(NumOfEdges);
   for (int i = 0; i < NumOfEdges; i++)
   {
-      const int pkv = UnsignIndex(edge_to_pkv[i]);
+      const int pkv = unSign(edge_to_pkv[i]);
      const int rpkv = pkv_to_rpkv[pkv];
      const int ukv = rpkv_to_ukv[rpkv];
-      edge_to_ukv[i] = (edge_to_pkv[i] < 0) ? FlipIndexSign(ukv) : ukv;
+      edge_to_ukv[i] = (edge_to_pkv[i] < 0) ? flipSign(ukv) : ukv;
   }

   CorrectPatchTopoOrientations(edge_to_ukv);
@@ -6663,6 +6667,9 @@ void Mesh::CorrectPatchTopoOrientations(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv) const
   const int dim = Dimension(); // Topological (not physical) dimension
   if (dim == 1) { return; }

+   // Sign convention
+   auto flipSign = [](int i) { return -1 - i; };
+
   const Table *face2elem = GetFaceToElementTable();
   Array<int> pfaces, orient;
   Array<int> fe, feo;
@@ -6681,7 +6688,7 @@ void Mesh::CorrectPatchTopoOrientations(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv) const
         for (auto e : fe)
         {
            const int skv = edge_to_ukv[e];
-            if (skv == kv || FlipIndexSign(skv) == kv) { hasKV = true; }
+            if (skv == kv || flipSign(skv) == kv) { hasKV = true; }
         }
         if (hasKV)
         {
@@ -6711,7 +6718,7 @@ void Mesh::CorrectPatchTopoOrientations(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv) const
      };
   }

-   Array<int> ukvs((dim == 2) ? 4 : 12);
+   Array<int> ukvs((dim==2) ? 4 : 12);
   Array<int> pe, oe;
   bool initKV = false;

@@ -6725,7 +6732,7 @@ void Mesh::CorrectPatchTopoOrientations(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv) const
      for (int i = 0; i < pe.Size(); i++)
      {
         ukvs[i] = edge_to_ukv[pe[i]];
-         ukvs[i] = (oe[i] < 0) ? FlipIndexSign(ukvs[i]) : ukvs[i];
+         ukvs[i] = (oe[i] < 0) ? flipSign(ukvs[i]) : ukvs[i];
      }

      // Find the direction with this kv.
@@ -6733,19 +6740,12 @@ void Mesh::CorrectPatchTopoOrientations(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv) const
      for (int d=0; d<dim; ++d) // Loop over directions.
      {
         const int skv = edge_to_ukv[pe[dir_edges[d][0]]];
-         if (skv == kv || FlipIndexSign(skv) == kv)
+         if (skv == kv || flipSign(skv) == kv)
         {
-            for (auto e : dir_edges[d])
-               if (!edgeSet[pe[e]])
-               {
-                  thisDir = d;
-               }
+            thisDir = d;
         }
      }
-      if (thisDir == -1)
-      {
-         return false;
-      }
+      MFEM_VERIFY(thisDir >= 0, "");

      // For this direction, find any edge already set. If no edge is set, we
      // arbitrarily take the first.
@@ -6777,12 +6777,12 @@ void Mesh::CorrectPatchTopoOrientations(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv) const
         }

         const int edge = pe[i];
-         if ((dim == 2 && ukvs[i] != FlipIndexSign(ukvs[ref_edge0])) ||
-             (dim == 3 && ukvs[i] == FlipIndexSign(ukvs[ref_edge0])))
+         if ((dim == 2 && ukvs[i] != flipSign(ukvs[ref_edge0])) ||
+             (dim == 3 && ukvs[i] == flipSign(ukvs[ref_edge0])))
         {
            // Flip the sign of this edge
-            MFEM_ASSERT(!edgeSet[edge], "");
-            edge_to_ukv[edge] = FlipIndexSign(edge_to_ukv[edge]);
+            MFEM_VERIFY(!edgeSet[edge], "");
+            edge_to_ukv[edge] = flipSign(edge_to_ukv[edge]);
         }

         edgeSet[edge] = true;
@@ -6827,11 +6827,10 @@ void Mesh::CorrectPatchTopoOrientations(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv) const
      int unsetDim = -1;
      for (int d=0; d<dim; ++d) // Loop over dimensions.
      {
-         for (auto e : dir_edges[d])
-            if (!edgeSet[pe[e]])
-            {
-               unsetDim = d;
-            }
+         if (!edgeSet[pe[dir_edges[d][0]]])
+         {
+            unsetDim = d;
+         }
      }

      if (unsetDim == -1)
@@ -6840,7 +6839,9 @@ void Mesh::CorrectPatchTopoOrientations(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv) const
         continue;
      }

-      const int kv = UnsignIndex(edge_to_ukv[pe[dir_edges[unsetDim][0]]]);
+      const int kv_signed = edge_to_ukv[pe[dir_edges[unsetDim][0]]];
+      const int kv = kv_signed < 0 ? flipSign(kv_signed) : kv_signed;
+      MFEM_VERIFY(!edgeSet[pe[dir_edges[unsetDim][0]]], "");

      initKV = false;

@@ -6890,7 +6891,6 @@ void Mesh::CorrectPatchTopoOrientations(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv) const
      }
   }

-#ifdef MFEM_DEBUG
   bool allSet = true;
   for (auto eset : edgeSet)
   {
@@ -6899,8 +6899,7 @@ void Mesh::CorrectPatchTopoOrientations(Array<int> &edge_to_ukv) const
         allSet = false;
      }
   }
-   MFEM_ASSERT(allSet && unset.size() == 0, "Some edge is not set");
-#endif
+   MFEM_VERIFY(allSet && unset.size() == 0, "Some edge is not set");

   delete face2elem;
 }
@@ -6942,7 +6941,7 @@ void Mesh::LoadNonconformingPatchTopo(std::istream &input,

      if (v[0] > v[1])
      {
-         ukv = FlipIndexSign(ukv);
+         ukv = -1 - ukv;
      }
      edge_to_ukv[j] = ukv;
   }
@@ -12439,7 +12438,11 @@ void Mesh::PrintTopoEdges(std::ostream &os, const Array<int> &e_to_k,
   for (int i = 0; i < NumOfEdges; i++)
   {
      edge_vertex->GetRow(i, vert);
-      const int ki = UnsignIndex(e_to_k[i]);
+      int ki = e_to_k[i];
+      if (ki < 0)
+      {
+         ki = -1 - ki;
+      }

      if (vmap)
      {
@@ -15748,18 +15751,9 @@ Mesh PartitionMPI(int dim, int mpi_cnt, int elem_per_mpi, bool print,
 {
   MFEM_VERIFY(dim > 1, "Not implemented for 1D meshes.");

-   // Closest int divisor to the cubit root, going down.
-   auto factor3 = [](int N)
+   auto factor = [&](int N)
   {
-      for (int i = static_cast<int>(round(cbrt(N))); i > 0; i--)
-      {  if (N % i == 0) { return i; } }
-      return 1;
-   };
-
-   // Closest int divisor to the square root, going down.
-   auto factor2 = [](int N)
-   {
-      for (int i = static_cast<int>(round(sqrt(N))); i > 0; i--)
+      for (int i = static_cast<int>(sqrt(N)); i > 0; i--)
      { if (N % i == 0) { return i; } }
      return 1;
   };
@@ -15783,22 +15777,22 @@ Mesh PartitionMPI(int dim, int mpi_cnt, int elem_per_mpi, bool print,
   int el0_x, el0_y, el0_z;
   if (dim == 2)
   {
-      mpi_x = factor2(mpi_cnt);
+      mpi_x = factor(mpi_cnt);
      mpi_y = mpi_cnt / mpi_x;

      // Switch order for better balance.
-      el0_y = factor2(el0);
+      el0_y = factor(el0);
      el0_x = el0 / el0_y;
   }
   else
   {
-      mpi_x = factor3(mpi_cnt);
-      mpi_y = factor2(mpi_cnt / mpi_x);
+      mpi_x = factor(mpi_cnt);
+      mpi_y = factor(mpi_cnt / mpi_x);
      mpi_z = mpi_cnt / mpi_x / mpi_y;

      // Switch order for better balance.
-      el0_z = factor3(el0);
-      el0_y = factor2(el0 / el0_z);
+      el0_z = factor(el0);
+      el0_y = factor(el0 / el0_z);
      el0_x = el0 / el0_y / el0_z;
   }

@@ -3206,22 +3206,10 @@ public:


 /// Extrude a 1D mesh
-/**
- * @param mesh      1D mesh
- * @param ny        number of transverse elements of the extruded mesh
- * @param sy        physical size in the direction of extrusion
- * @param closed    if false, only the original boundaries are extruded,
- *                  otherwise boundaries are generated all around the domain
- */
 Mesh *Extrude1D(Mesh *mesh, const int ny, const real_t sy,
                const bool closed = false);

 /// Extrude a 2D mesh
-/**
- * @param mesh      2D mesh
- * @param nz        number of transverse elements of the extruded mesh
- * @param sz        physical size in the direction of extrusion
- */
 Mesh *Extrude2D(Mesh *mesh, const int nz, const real_t sz);

 /** @brief Constructs the smallest possible [0,1]^dim serial mesh that can be
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ int ThresholdRefiner::ApplyImpl(Mesh &mesh)
   if (num_marked_elements == 0LL) { return STOP; }

   mesh.GeneralRefinement(marked_elements, non_conforming, nc_limit);
-   return static_cast<int>(CONTINUE) + static_cast<int>(REFINED);
+   return CONTINUE + REFINED;
 }

 void ThresholdRefiner::Reset()
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ int ThresholdDerefiner::ApplyImpl(Mesh &mesh)
   const Vector &local_err = estimator.GetLocalErrors();
   bool derefs = mesh.DerefineByError(local_err, threshold, nc_limit, op);

-   return derefs ? static_cast<int>(CONTINUE) + static_cast<int>(DEREFINED) : NONE;
+   return derefs ? CONTINUE + DEREFINED : NONE;
 }


@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ int CoefficientRefiner::PreprocessMesh(Mesh &mesh, int max_it)
   }
   delete l2fes;
   delete gf;
-   return static_cast<int>(CONTINUE) + static_cast<int>(REFINED);
+   return CONTINUE + REFINED;

 }

@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ int Rebalancer::ApplyImpl(Mesh &mesh)
   if (pmesh && pmesh->Nonconforming())
   {
      pmesh->Rebalance();
-      return static_cast<int>(CONTINUE) + static_cast<int>(REBALANCED);
+      return CONTINUE + REBALANCED;
   }
 #endif
   return NONE;
@@ -1516,15 +1516,12 @@ void Mesh::ReadInlineMesh(std::istream &input, bool generate_edges)
 void Mesh::ReadGmshMesh(std::istream &input, int &curved, int &read_gf)
 {
   string buff;
-   string version;
+   real_t version;
   int binary, dsize;
   input >> version >> binary >> dsize;
-   if (version != "2.2")
+   if (version < 2.2)
   {
-      MFEM_ABORT("Gmsh file version must be 2.2, found version "
-                 << version << ".\n"
-                 "To convert your mesh to the required format, use:\n"
-                 "  gmsh -format msh22 -save -o output.msh input.msh");
+      MFEM_ABORT("Gmsh file version < 2.2");
   }
   if (dsize != sizeof(double))
   {
@@ -3542,7 +3542,7 @@ void NCMesh::TraverseQuadFace(int vn0, int vn1, int vn2, int vn3,

            // create a slave face record with a degenerate point matrix
            face_list.slaves.Append(
-               Slave(FlipIndexSign(enode.edge_index),
+               Slave(-1 - enode.edge_index,
                     eid[0].element, eid[0].local, Geometry::SQUARE));
            Slave &sl = face_list.slaves.Last();

@@ -3589,7 +3589,7 @@ void NCMesh::TraverseTetEdge(int vn0, int vn1, const Point &p0, const Point &p1,
         // non-slave edge is really a (face-)slave itself.
         const MeshId &eid = *eid_and_type.id;
         face_list.slaves.Append(
-            Slave(FlipIndexSign(eid.index), eid.element, eid.local, Geometry::TRIANGLE));
+            Slave(-1 - eid.index, eid.element, eid.local, Geometry::TRIANGLE));

         int v0index = nodes[vn0].vert_index;
         int v1index = nodes[vn1].vert_index;
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::GetMasterEdgeEntities(
      }
      else
      {
-         const int auxEdge = FlipIndexSign(edge_i);
+         const int auxEdge = -1 - edge_i;
         GetAuxEdgeVertices(auxEdge, sverts);
      }

@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::FindAdditionalFacesSA(
            {
               if (edge < 0)
               {
-                  sideAuxEdges[s].Append(FlipIndexSign(edge));
+                  sideAuxEdges[s].Append(-1 - edge);
               }
               else
               {
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::FindAdditionalFacesSA(
                                       == afverts[j], "");
                        }

-                        ori_f2 = FlipIndexSign(ori_f2);
+                        ori_f2 = -1 - ori_f2;
                     }
                     else
                     {
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::FindAdditionalFacesSA(
                     }

                     facePairs.emplace_back(FacePairInfo{fverts[vMinID], f,
-                     SlaveFaceInfo{FlipIndexSign(afid), ori_f2,
+                     SlaveFaceInfo{-1 - afid, ori_f2,
                        {fki(vMinID,0), fki(vMinID,1)},
                        {
                           fki((vMinID + 2) % 4,0) - fki(vMinID,0),
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::FindAdditionalFacesSA(
                     auxFaces.push_back(auxFace);

                     facePairs.emplace_back(FacePairInfo{fverts[vMinID], f,
-                     SlaveFaceInfo{FlipIndexSign(auxFaceId), ori_f,
+                     SlaveFaceInfo{-1 - auxFaceId, ori_f,
                        {fki(vMinID,0), fki(vMinID,1)},
                        {
                           fki((vMinID + 2) % 4,0) - fki(vMinID,0),
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::GetAuxFaceEdges(int auxFace, Array<int> &edges) const
      }
      else // Auxiliary edge
      {
-         edges[i] = FlipIndexSign(auxv2e.at(edge_v));
+         edges[i] = -1 - auxv2e.at(edge_v);
      }
   }
 }
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ int OffsetHelper(int i, int j, const Array<int> &a, const Array<int> &b)
 {
   if (i < 0)
   {
-      return b[FlipIndexSign(i) + j];
+      return b[-1 - i + j];
   }
   else if (i + j < a.Size())
   {
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::GetMasterEdgeDofs(bool dof, int me,
      }
      else // Auxiliary edge
      {
-         GetAuxEdgeVertices(FlipIndexSign(slaveId), svert);
+         GetAuxEdgeVertices(-1 - slaveId, svert);
      }

      bool reverse = false;
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ void ReorderArray2D(int i0, int j0, const Array2D<int> &a,
 // Set a quadrilateral vertex index permutation for a given orientation.
 void GetVertexOrdering(int ori, std::array<int, 4> &perm)
 {
-   const int oriAbs = UnsignIndex(ori);
+   const int oriAbs = ori < 0 ? -1 - ori : ori;

   for (int i=0; i<4; ++i)
   {
@@ -1094,7 +1094,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::GetMasterFaceDofs(bool dof, int mf,
      if (slaveId < 0)
      {
         // Auxiliary face
-         const int auxFace = FlipIndexSign(slaveId);
+         const int auxFace = -1 - slaveId;

         // Set slave face entity dimensions.
         if (dof)
@@ -1171,7 +1171,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::GetMasterFaceDofs(bool dof, int mf,
            }
            else
            {
-               const int auxEdge = FlipIndexSign(edge);
+               const int auxEdge = -1 - edge;
               GetAuxEdgeVertices(auxEdge, evert);
            }
            MFEM_ASSERT(evert[0] == vstart || evert[1] == vstart, "");
@@ -1184,7 +1184,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::GetMasterFaceDofs(bool dof, int mf,
         // dimensions of the master face, by using ori.
         int e1 = -1, e2 = -1;
         {
-            const int aori = UnsignIndex(ori);
+            const int aori = ori < 0 ? -1 - ori : ori;
            if (aori % 2 == 0)
            {
               e1 = 0;
@@ -1416,15 +1416,14 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::ProcessVertexToKnot2D(const VertexToKnotSpan &v2k,
         {
            // Create a new auxiliary edge
            auxv2e[childPair] = auxEdges.size();
-            auxEdges.emplace_back(AuxiliaryEdge{pv[0] < pv[1] ? parentEdge :
-                                                FlipIndexSign(parentEdge),
+            auxEdges.emplace_back(AuxiliaryEdge{pv[0] < pv[1] ?
+                                                parentEdge : -1 - parentEdge,
            {childPair.first, childPair.second},
            {newParentEdge ? 0 : prevKI, ks}});
         }
      }

-      const int childEdge = childPairTopo ? v2e[childPair] :
-                            FlipIndexSign(auxv2e[childPair]);
+      const int childEdge = childPairTopo ? v2e[childPair] : -1 - auxv2e[childPair];

      // Check whether this is the final vertex in this parent edge. Note that
      // the logic for comparing (pv[0],pv[1]) to the next parents assumes the
@@ -1461,15 +1460,14 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::ProcessVertexToKnot2D(const VertexToKnotSpan &v2k,

               // -1 denotes `ne` at endpoint
               auxEdges.emplace_back(AuxiliaryEdge{pv[0] < pv[1] ?
-                                                   FlipIndexSign(parentEdge) :
-                                                   parentEdge,
+                                                   -1 - parentEdge : parentEdge,
               {finalChildPair.first, finalChildPair.second},
               {ks, -1}});
            }
         }

         const int finalChildEdge = finalChildPairTopo ? v2e[finalChildPair] :
-                                    FlipIndexSign(auxv2e[finalChildPair]);
+                                    -1 - auxv2e[finalChildPair];
         edgePairs.emplace_back(-1, -1, finalChildEdge, parentEdge);
      }

@@ -1807,7 +1805,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::ProcessVertexToKnot3D(
                  auxFaces.push_back(auxFace);
                  facePairs.emplace_back(
                     FacePairInfo{cv[0], parentFace,
-                                  SlaveFaceInfo{FlipIndexSign(auxv2f[childPair]),
+                                  SlaveFaceInfo{-1 - auxv2f[childPair],
                                                0, {i0, j0}, {d0, d1}}});
               }
            }
@@ -2113,7 +2111,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::ProcessVertexToKnot3D(
                     auxv2e[childPair] = auxEdges.size();
                     auxEdges.emplace_back(AuxiliaryEdge{pv0 < pv1 ?
                                                         parentEdge :
-                                                         FlipIndexSign(parentEdge),
+                                                         -1 - parentEdge,
                     {childPair.first, childPair.second},
                     {knotIndex0, knotIndex1}});
                  }
@@ -2133,8 +2131,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::ProcessVertexToKnot3D(

                  const EdgePairInfo ep_e((e_idx == n_d - de) ? -1 : tv,
                                          (e_idx == n_d - de) ? -1 : tvki,
-                                          FlipIndexSign(auxv2e[childPair]),
-                                          parentEdge);
+                                          -1 - auxv2e[childPair], parentEdge);

                  const bool unset = !edgePairs[edgePairOS[parentEdge] + e_idx].isSet;
                  if (unset)
@@ -2229,7 +2226,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::GetAuxFaceToPatchTable(Array2D<int> &auxface2patch)
               if (s < 0)
               {
                  // Auxiliary face.
-                  const int aux = FlipIndexSign(s);
+                  const int aux = -1 - s;
                  if (auxface2patch(aux, 0) >= 0)
                  {
                     if (auxface2patch(aux, 1) != -1) { consistent = false; }
@@ -2319,7 +2316,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::UpdateAuxiliaryKnotSpans(const Array<int> &rf)
   for (auto auxEdge : auxEdges)
   {
      const int p = auxEdge.parent;
-      const int parent = UnsignIndex(p);
+      const int parent = p < 0 ? -1 - p : p;
      const int kv = KnotInd(parent);
      for (int i=0; i<2; ++i)
      {
@@ -2385,8 +2382,14 @@ int NCNURBSExtension::AuxiliaryEdgeNE(int aux_edge)
   const int signedParentEdge = auxEdges[aux_edge].parent;
   const int ki0 = auxEdges[aux_edge].ksi[0];
   const int ki1raw = auxEdges[aux_edge].ksi[1];
-   const int ki1 = ki1raw == -1 ? KnotVec(UnsignIndex(signedParentEdge))->GetNE()
-                   : ki1raw;
+   int ki1 = ki1raw;
+   if (ki1raw == -1)
+   {
+      const bool rev = signedParentEdge < 0;
+      const int parentEdge = rev ? -1 - signedParentEdge : signedParentEdge;
+      ki1 = KnotVec(parentEdge)->GetNE();
+   }
+
   return ki1 - ki0;
 }

@@ -2400,7 +2403,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::SlaveEdgeToParent(int se, int parent,
   Array<int> sev(2);
   if (se < 0) // Auxiliary edge
   {
-      for (int i=0; i<2; ++i) { sev[i] = auxEdges[FlipIndexSign(se)].v[i]; }
+      for (int i=0; i<2; ++i) { sev[i] = auxEdges[-1 - se].v[i]; }
   }
   else
   {
@@ -2456,7 +2459,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::GetMasterEdgePieceOffsets(int mid, Array<int> &os)
      }
      else
      {
-         nes = AuxiliaryEdgeNE(FlipIndexSign(s));
+         nes = AuxiliaryEdgeNE(-1 - s);
      }

      os[i+1] = os[i] + nes;
@@ -2562,7 +2565,7 @@ int NCNURBSExtension::SetPatchFactors(int p)
               }
               else // Aux edge
               {
-                  const int aux_edge = FlipIndexSign(s);
+                  const int aux_edge = -1 - s;
                  if (auxef[aux_edge].Size() == 0)
                  {
                     auxef[aux_edge].SetSize(AuxiliaryEdgeNE(aux_edge));
@@ -2608,7 +2611,7 @@ int NCNURBSExtension::SetPatchFactors(int p)
   }

   MFEM_VERIFY(consistent, "");
-   return partialChange ? FlipIndexSign(dirSet) : dirSet;
+   return partialChange ? -1 - dirSet : dirSet;
 }

 void NCNURBSExtension::PropagateFactorsForKV(int rf_default)
@@ -2712,7 +2715,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::PropagateFactorsForKV(int rf_default)
               if (s < 0)
               {
                  // Auxiliary face.
-                  const int aux = FlipIndexSign(s);
+                  const int aux = -1 - s;
                  for (int i=0; i<2; ++i)
                  {
                     const int patch = auxface2patch(aux, i);
@@ -2760,7 +2763,7 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::PropagateFactorsForKV(int rf_default)

         const int dirSetSigned = SetPatchFactors(p);
         const bool partialChange = dirSetSigned < 0;
-         const int dirSet = UnsignIndex(dirSetSigned);
+         const int dirSet = partialChange ? -1 - dirSetSigned : dirSetSigned;
         const bool changed = (patchState[p] != dirSet) || partialChange;
         patchState[p] = dirSet;

@@ -2803,8 +2806,8 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::PropagateFactorsForKV(int rf_default)
            {
               const int dirSetSigned_i = SetPatchFactors(i);
               const bool partialChange_i = dirSetSigned_i < 0;
-               const int dirSet_i = partialChange_i ?
-                                    FlipIndexSign(dirSetSigned_i) : dirSetSigned_i;
+               const int dirSet_i = partialChange_i ? -1 - dirSetSigned_i :
+                                    dirSetSigned_i;
               const bool changed_i = (patchState[i] != dirSet_i) ||
                                      partialChange_i;
               patchState[p] = dirSet_i;
@@ -3024,7 +3027,7 @@ int GetFaceOrientation(const Mesh *mesh, const int face,

   // Check whether ordering is reversed.
   const bool rev = verts[(s + 1) % 4] != fverts[1];
-   if (rev) { s = FlipIndexSign(s); } // Reversed order is encoded by the sign.
+   if (rev) { s = -1 - s; } // Reversed order is encoded by the sign.
   return s;
 }

@@ -3037,7 +3040,7 @@ int GetFaceOrientation(const Mesh *mesh, const int face,
 // see GetFaceOrientation.
 bool Reorder2D(int ori, std::array<int, 2> &s0)
 {
-   const int shift = UnsignIndex(ori);
+   const int shift = ori < 0 ? -1 - ori : ori;

   // Shift is an F1 index in the counter-clockwise ordering of 4 quad vertices.
   // Now find the (i,j) indices of this index, with i,j in {0,1}.
@@ -3061,7 +3064,7 @@ void GetInverseShiftedDimensions2D(int signedShift, int sm, int sn, int &m,
                                   int &n)
 {
   const bool rev = (signedShift < 0);
-   const int shift = UnsignIndex(signedShift);
+   const int shift = rev ? -1 - signedShift : signedShift;
   MFEM_ASSERT(0 <= shift && shift < 4, "");

   // We consider 8 cases for the possible values of rev and shift.
@@ -3133,7 +3136,7 @@ void GetShiftedGridPoints2D(int m, int n, int i, int j, int signedShift,
                            int& sm, int& sn, int& si, int& sj)
 {
   const bool rev = (signedShift < 0);
-   const int shift = UnsignIndex(signedShift);
+   const int shift = rev ? -1 - signedShift : signedShift;
   MFEM_ASSERT(0 <= shift && shift < 4, "");

   // (0,0) <= (i,j) < (m,n) are old indices, and old vertex [shift] maps
@@ -3795,7 +3798,8 @@ void NCNURBSExtension::GenerateOffsets()
      const int signedParentEdge = auxEdges[e].parent;
      const int ki0 = auxEdges[e].ksi[0];
      const int ki1raw = auxEdges[e].ksi[1];
-      const int parentEdge = UnsignIndex(signedParentEdge);
+      const bool rev = signedParentEdge < 0;
+      const int parentEdge = rev ? -1 - signedParentEdge : signedParentEdge;
      const int masterNE = KnotVec(parentEdge)->GetNE();
      const int ki1 = ki1raw == -1 ? masterNE : ki1raw;
      const int perEdgeCP = GetNCPperEdge(KnotVec(e));
@@ -3723,7 +3723,10 @@ bool NURBSExtension::CheckPatches()
      for (int i = 0; i < edges.Size(); i++)
      {
         edges[i] = edge_to_ukv[edges[i]];
-         if (oedge[i] < 0) { edges[i] = FlipIndexSign(edges[i]); }
+         if (oedge[i] < 0)
+         {
+            edges[i] = -1 - edges[i];
+         }
      }

      // In 2d - opposite edges must be same knotvector with opposite sign.
@@ -3737,7 +3740,7 @@ bool NURBSExtension::CheckPatches()
      // {7, 6}, {4, 7}, {0, 4}, {1, 5}, {2, 6}, {3, 7} for Geometry::CUBE in 3D
      // See fem/geom.cpp for these definitions.
      if ((dim == 2 &&
-           (edges[0] != FlipIndexSign(edges[2]) || edges[1] != FlipIndexSign(edges[3]))) ||
+           (edges[0] != -1 - edges[2] || edges[1] != -1 - edges[3])) ||

          (dim == 3 &&
           (edges[0] != edges[2] || edges[0] != edges[4] ||
@@ -3766,7 +3769,7 @@ void NURBSExtension::CheckBdrPatches()
         edges[i] = edge_to_ukv[edges[i]];
         if (oedge[i] < 0)
         {
-            edges[i] = FlipIndexSign(edges[i]);
+            edges[i] = -1 - edges[i];
         }
      }

@@ -4763,13 +4766,14 @@ void NURBSExtension::GenerateBdrElementDofTable()
   SetPatchToBdrElements();

   int *dof = bel_dof->GetJ();
-   const int ndof = bel_dof->Size_of_connections();
+   int ndof = bel_dof->Size_of_connections();
   for (int i = 0; i < ndof; i++)
   {
-      const int idx = dof[i];
+      int idx = dof[i];
      if (idx < 0)
      {
-         dof[i] = -activeDof[FlipIndexSign(idx)];
+         dof[i] = -1 - (activeDof[-1-idx] - 1);
+         dof[i] = -activeDof[-1-idx];
      }
      else
      {
@@ -4854,12 +4858,12 @@ void NURBSExtension::Generate2DBdrElementDofTable()
                  for (int ii = 0; ii <= ord0; ii++)
                  {
                     conn.to = DofMap(p2g[(okv[0] >= 0) ? (i+ii) : (nx-i-ii)]);
-                     if (s == -1) { conn.to = FlipIndexSign(conn.to); }
+                     if (s == -1) { conn.to = -1 -conn.to; }
                     bel_dof_list.Append(conn);
                  }
               }
               bel_to_patch[lbe] = b;
-               bel_to_IJK(lbe,0) = (okv[0] >= 0) ? i : FlipIndexSign(i);
+               bel_to_IJK(lbe,0) = (okv[0] >= 0) ? i : (-1-i);
               lbe++;
            }
            gbe++;
@@ -4932,14 +4936,14 @@ void NURBSExtension::Generate3DBdrElementDofTable()
                           {
                              const int ii_ = (okv[0] >= 0) ? (i+ii) : (nx-i-ii);
                              conn.to = DofMap(p2g(ii_, jj_));
-                              if (s == -1) { conn.to = FlipIndexSign(conn.to); }
+                              if (s == -1) { conn.to = -1 -conn.to; }
                              bel_dof_list.Append(conn);
                           }
                        }
                     }
                     bel_to_patch[lbe] = b;
-                     bel_to_IJK(lbe,0) = (okv[0] >= 0) ? i : FlipIndexSign(i);
-                     bel_to_IJK(lbe,1) = (okv[1] >= 0) ? j : FlipIndexSign(j);
+                     bel_to_IJK(lbe,0) = (okv[0] >= 0) ? i : (-1-i);
+                     bel_to_IJK(lbe,1) = (okv[1] >= 0) ? j : (-1-j);
                     lbe++;
                  }
                  gbe++;
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ public:
       @a u.
       The main purpose of this function is its use in FindInterpolant.
       Use GetBotella instead for each shape function separately, perhaps in
-       conjunction with GetSpan and GetRefPoint.*/
+       conjuction with GetSpan and GetRefPoint.*/
   MFEM_DEPRECATED void FindMaxima(Array<int> &ks, Vector &xi, Vector &u) const;

   /** @brief Global curve interpolation through the points @a x (overwritten).
@@ -1398,7 +1398,8 @@ inline const real_t &NURBSPatch::operator()(int i, int j, int k, int l) const

 inline int NURBSExtension::KnotInd(int edge) const
 {
-   return UnsignIndex(edge_to_ukv[edge]);
+   const int kv = edge_to_ukv[edge];
+   return kv >= 0 ? kv : -1 - kv;
 }

 inline int NURBSExtension::KnotSign(int edge) const
@@ -1428,7 +1429,7 @@ const
   else
   {
      *okv = -oedge;
-      return knotVectors[FlipIndexSign(kv)];
+      return knotVectors[-1-kv];
   }
 }

@@ -5639,12 +5639,6 @@ Mesh ParMesh::GetSerialMesh(int save_rank) const
      }
   }

-   if (MyRank == save_rank)
-   {
-      attribute_sets.Copy(serialmesh.attribute_sets);
-      bdr_attribute_sets.Copy(serialmesh.bdr_attribute_sets);
-   }
-
   MPI_Barrier(MyComm);
   return serialmesh;
 }
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ void ParNCMesh::MakeSharedList(const NCList &list, NCList &shared)
         }
         else // special case: prism edge-face constraint
         {
-            if (entity_owner[1][FlipIndexSign(si)] != MyRank)
+            if (entity_owner[1][-1-si] != MyRank)
            {
               master_flag |= 0x2;
            }
@@ -571,10 +571,9 @@ void ParNCMesh::CalculatePMatrixGroups()
      ranks.SetSize(0);
      for (int j = master_face.slaves_begin; j < master_face.slaves_end; j++)
      {
-         const int si = face_list.slaves[j].index;
-         const int owner =
-            (si >= 0) ? entity_owner[2][si] : // standard face dependency
-            entity_owner[1][FlipIndexSign(si)]; // prism edge-face dep
+         int si = face_list.slaves[j].index;
+         int owner = (si >= 0) ? entity_owner[2][si] // standard face dependency
+                     /*     */ : entity_owner[1][-1 - si]; // prism edge-face dep
         ranks.Append(groups[owner][0]);
      }
      ranks.Sort();
@@ -1182,7 +1181,7 @@ void ParNCMesh::GetFaceNeighbors(ParMesh &pmesh)
      if (e[0]->rank == MyRank) { std::swap(e[0], e[1]); }

      Mesh::FaceInfo &fi = pmesh.faces_info[cf.index];
-      fi.Elem2No = FlipIndexSign(fnbr_index[e[0]->index - NElements]);
+      fi.Elem2No = -1 - fnbr_index[e[0]->index - NElements];

      if (Dim == 3)
      {
@@ -1271,7 +1270,7 @@ void ParNCMesh::GetFaceNeighbors(ParMesh &pmesh)
               // In other words, side 1 IS the side that generated the face.
            }
            MFEM_ASSERT(fi.Elem2No >= NElements, "");
-            fi.Elem2No = FlipIndexSign(fnbr_index[fi.Elem2No - NElements]);
+            fi.Elem2No = -1 - fnbr_index[fi.Elem2No - NElements];

            const DenseMatrix* pm = full_list.point_matrices[sf.geom][sf.matrix];
            if (!sloc && Dim == 3)
@@ -2287,7 +2286,7 @@ void ParNCMesh::Derefine(const Array<int> &derefs)
      if (element_type[index] == 0)
      {
         // this coarse element will get pruned, encode who owns it now
-         index = FlipIndexSign(elements[coarse[i]].rank);
+         index = -1 - elements[coarse[i]].rank;
      }
      transforms.embeddings[i].parent = index;
   }
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ add_subdirectory(multidomain)
 add_subdirectory(nurbs)
 add_subdirectory(parelag)
 add_subdirectory(performance)
-add_subdirectory(plasma)
 add_subdirectory(shifted)
 add_subdirectory(solvers)
 add_subdirectory(spde)
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ void ComputeInverse(const Array<real_t> &A, Array<real_t> &Ainv)
 {
   Array<real_t> A2 = A;
   const int n2 = A.Size();
-   const int n = static_cast<int>(sqrt(n2));
+   const int n = static_cast<const int>(sqrt(n2));
   Array<int> ipiv(n);
   LUFactors lu(A2.GetData(), ipiv.GetData());
   lu.Factor(n);
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ void SubcellIntegrals(int n, const Poly_1D::Basis &basis, Array<real_t> &B)

 void Transpose(const Array<real_t> &B, Array<real_t> &Bt)
 {
-   const int n = static_cast<int>(sqrt(B.Size()));
+   const int n = static_cast<const int>(sqrt(B.Size()));
   Bt.SetSize(n*n);
   for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) for (int j=0; j<n; ++j) { Bt[i+j*n] = B[j+i*n]; }
 }
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   //    parallel degrees of freedom, with offsets given by array true_offset.
   FiniteElementCollection *fec = nullptr;
   NURBSExtension *NURBSext = nullptr;
-   if (pmesh->NURBSext)
+   if (mesh->NURBSext)
   {
      NURBSext = new NURBSExtension(pmesh->NURBSext, order);
      fec = new NURBSFECollection(order);
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2010-2025, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. Produced
-# at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. All Rights reserved. See files
-# LICENSE and NOTICE for details. LLNL-CODE-806117.
-#
-# This file is part of the MFEM library. For more information and source code
-# availability visit https://mfem.org.
-#
-# MFEM is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
-# terms of the BSD-3 license. We welcome feedback and contributions, see file
-# CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
-
-if (MFEM_USE_MPI)
-  list(APPEND PLASMA_COMMON_SOURCES)
-
-  list(APPEND PLASMA_COMMON_HEADERS
-  plasma.hpp)
-
-  convert_filenames_to_full_paths(PLASMA_COMMON_SOURCES)
-  convert_filenames_to_full_paths(PLASMA_COMMON_HEADERS)
-
-  set(PLASMA_COMMON_FILES
-      EXTRA_SOURCES ${PLASMA_COMMON_SOURCES}
-      EXTRA_HEADERS ${PLASMA_COMMON_HEADERS})
-
-endif()
-
-add_subdirectory(pic)
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2010-2025, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. Produced
-# at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. All Rights reserved. See files
-# LICENSE and NOTICE for details. LLNL-CODE-806117.
-#
-# This file is part of the MFEM library. For more information and source code
-# availability visit https://mfem.org.
-#
-# MFEM is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
-# terms of the BSD-3 license. We welcome feedback and contributions, see file
-# CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
-
-# Use the MFEM build directory
-MFEM_DIR ?= ../..
-MFEM_BUILD_DIR ?= ../..
-SRC = $(if $(MFEM_DIR:../..=),$(MFEM_DIR)/miniapps/plasma/,)
-CONFIG_MK = $(MFEM_BUILD_DIR)/config/config.mk
-
-MFEM_LIB_FILE = mfem_is_not_built
-include $(CONFIG_MK)
-
-SEQ_MINIAPPS = 
-PAR_MINIAPPS = 
-ifeq ($(MFEM_USE_MPI),NO)
-   MINIAPPS = $(SEQ_MINIAPPS)
-else
-   MINIAPPS = $(PAR_MINIAPPS) $(SEQ_MINIAPPS)
-endif
-
-PLASMA_SUBDIRS = pic
-
-.SUFFIXES:
-.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp .mk
-.PHONY: all lib-common clean clean-build clean-exec
-.PRECIOUS: %.o
-
-COMMON_LIB = -L$(MFEM_BUILD_DIR)/miniapps/common -lmfem-common
-
-# If MFEM_SHARED is set, add the ../common rpath
-COMMON_LIB += $(if $(MFEM_SHARED:YES=),,\
-   $(if $(MFEM_USE_CUDA:YES=),$(CXX_XLINKER),$(CUDA_XLINKER))-rpath,$(abspath\
-   $(MFEM_BUILD_DIR)/miniapps/common))
-
-COMMON_O=
-
-# Remove built-in rules
-%: %.cpp
-%.o: %.cpp
-
-all: $(MINIAPPS) subdirs
-
-.PHONY: subdirs $(PLASMA_SUBDIRS)
-subdirs: $(PLASMA_SUBDIRS)
-$(PLASMA_SUBDIRS): lib-common
-	$(MAKE) -C $(BLD)$(@)
-
-# Rules for building the miniapps
-%: $(SRC)%.cpp $(COMMON_O) $(MFEM_LIB_FILE) $(CONFIG_MK) | lib-common
-	$(MFEM_CXX) $(MFEM_LINK_FLAGS) $< -o $@ $(COMMON_O) $(COMMON_LIB) \
-        $(MFEM_LIBS)
-
-# Rules for compiling miniapp dependencies
-$(COMMON_O) $(addsuffix _solver.o,$(MINIAPPS)): \
-%.o: $(SRC)%.cpp $(SRC)%.hpp $(CONFIG_MK)
-	$(MFEM_CXX) $(MFEM_FLAGS) -c $(<) -o $(@)
-
-# Rule for building lib-common
-lib-common:
-	$(MAKE) -C $(MFEM_BUILD_DIR)/miniapps/common
-
-MFEM_TESTS = MINIAPPS
-include $(MFEM_TEST_MK)
-
-# Testing: Specific execution options
-RUN_MPI = $(MFEM_MPIEXEC) $(MFEM_MPIEXEC_NP) $(MFEM_MPI_NP)
-
-# Testing: "test" target and mfem-test* variables are defined in config/test.mk
-
-# Generate an error message if the MFEM library is not built and exit
-$(MFEM_LIB_FILE):
-	$(error The MFEM library is not built)
-
-ALL_CLEAN_SUBDIRS = $(addsuffix /clean,$(PLASMA_SUBDIRS))
-.PHONY: $(ALL_CLEAN_SUBDIRS)
-$(ALL_CLEAN_SUBDIRS):
-	$(MAKE) -C $(BLD)$(@D) $(@F)
-
-clean: clean-build clean-exec
-
-clean-build: $(addsuffix /clean,$(PLASMA_SUBDIRS))
-	rm -f *.o *~ $(SEQ_MINIAPPS) $(PAR_MINIAPPS)
-	rm -rf *.dSYM *.TVD.*breakpoints
-
-clean-exec:
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2010-2025, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. Produced
-# at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. All Rights reserved. See files
-# LICENSE and NOTICE for details. LLNL-CODE-806117.
-#
-# This file is part of the MFEM library. For more information and source code
-# availability visit https://mfem.org.
-#
-# MFEM is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
-# terms of the BSD-3 license. We welcome feedback and contributions, see file
-# CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
-
-if (MFEM_USE_MPI AND MFEM_USE_GSLIB)
-  add_mfem_miniapp(electrostatic-pic
-    MAIN electrostatic-pic.cpp
-    EXTRA_HEADERS ${MFEM_MINIAPPS_COMMON_HEADERS}
-    LIBRARIES mfem-common)
-
-  # Add the corresponding tests to the "test" target
-  if (MFEM_ENABLE_TESTING)
-    add_test(NAME electrostatic-pic_np=${MFEM_MPI_NP}
-      COMMAND ${MPIEXEC} ${MPIEXEC_NUMPROC_FLAG} ${MFEM_MPI_NP}
-      ${MPIEXEC_PREFLAGS}
-      $<TARGET_FILE:electrostatic-pic> -rdi 2 -npt 40960 -k 0.2855993321 -a 0.05
-        -nt 200 -nx 16 -ny 16 -O 1 -q 0.01181640625 -m 0.01181640625 -oci 1000
-        -dt 0.1
-      ${MPIEXEC_POSTFLAGS})
-  endif()
-endif()
@@ -1,788 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2010-2025, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. Produced
-// at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. All Rights reserved. See files
-// LICENSE and NOTICE for details. LLNL-CODE-806117.
-//
-// This file is part of the MFEM library. For more information and source code
-// availability visit https://mfem.org.
-//
-// MFEM is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
-// terms of the BSD-3 license. We welcome feedback and contributions, see file
-// CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
-//
-//           -----------------------------------------------------
-//           Particle-In-Cell (PIC) Simulation (2D/3D)
-//           -----------------------------------------------------
-//
-// This miniapp performs a Particle-In-Cell simulation (supports 2D or 3D
-// spatial dimensions) of multiple charged particles subject to electric
-// field forces.
-//
-//                           dp/dt = q E
-//
-// The method used is explicit time integration with a leap-frog scheme.
-//
-// The electric field is computed from the particle charge distribution using
-// a Poisson solver. The particle trajectories are computed within a periodic
-// domain (2D or 3D).
-//
-// Solution process (per timestep, repeating steps 1-6):
-//   (1) Deposit charge from particles to grid via Dirac delta function
-//       to form the RHS of the Poisson equation
-//   (2) Solve Poisson equation (-Δφ = ρ - ρ_0) to compute potential φ, where
-//       ρ_0 is a constant neutralizing term that enforces global charge
-//       neutrality.
-//   (3) Compute electric field E = -∇φ from the potential
-//   (4) Interpolate E-field to particle positions
-//   (5) Push particles using leap-frog scheme (update momentum and position)
-//   (6) Redistribute particles across processors
-//
-// Compile with: make electrostatic-pic
-//
-// Sample runs:
-//
-//   2D2V Linear Landau damping test case (Ricketson & Hu, 2025):
-//      mpirun -n 4 ./electrostatic-pic -rdi 1 -npt 409600 -k 0.2855993321 -a 0.05 -nt 200 -nx 32 -ny 32 -O 1 -q 0.001181640625 -m 0.001181640625 -oci 1000 -dt 0.1
-//   3D3V Linear Landau damping test case (Zheng et al., 2025):
-//    * mpirun -n 128 ./electrostatic-pic -dim 3 -rdi 1 -npt 40960000 -k 0.5 -a 0.01 -nt 100 -nx 32 -ny 32 -nz 32 -O 1 -q 0.00004844730731 -m 0.00004844730731 -oci 1000 -dt 0.02 -no-vis
-
-#include "mfem.hpp"
-#include "../../../general/text.hpp"
-#include "../../common/fem_extras.hpp"
-#include "../../common/particles_extras.hpp"
-#include "../../common/pfem_extras.hpp"
-
-#include <ctime>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <iomanip>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <random>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#define EPSILON 1  // ε_0
-
-using namespace std;
-using namespace mfem;
-using namespace mfem::common;
-
-struct PICContext
-{
-   int dim = 2;     ///< Spatial dimension.
-   int order = 1;   ///< FE order for spatial discretization.
-   int nx = 100;    ///< Number of grid cells in x-direction.
-   int ny = 100;    ///< Number of grid cells in y-direction.
-   int nz = 100;    ///< Number of grid cells in z-direction.
-   real_t L = 1.0;  ///< Domain length.
-
-   int ordering = 1;  ///< Ordering of particles.
-   int npt = 1000;    ///< Number of particles.
-   real_t q = 1.0;    ///< Particle charge.
-   real_t m = 1.0;    ///< Particle mass.
-
-   real_t k = 1.0;      ///< Wave number (Landau damping init).
-   real_t alpha = 0.1;  ///< Perturbation amplitude (Landau damping init).
-
-   real_t dt = 1e-2;  ///< Time step size.
-
-   int nt = 1000;            ///< Number of time steps to run.
-   int redist_interval = 5;  ///< Redistribution and update E_gf interval.
-   int output_csv_interval = 1000;  ///< Interval for outputting CSV data files.
-
-   bool visualization = true;  ///< Enable visualization.
-   int visport = 19916;        ///< Port number for visualization server.
-   bool reproduce = true;      ///< Enable reproducible results.
-} ctx;
-
-/** This class implements explicit time integration for charged particles
-    in an electric field using ParticleSet. */
-class ParticleMover
-{
-public:
-   enum Fields
-   {
-      MASS,    // vdim = 1
-      CHARGE,  // vdim = 1
-      MOM,     // vdim = dim
-      EFIELD   // vdim = dim
-   };
-
-protected:
-   /// Pointers to E field GridFunctions
-   ParGridFunction* E_gf;
-
-   /// FindPointsGSLIB object for E field mesh
-   FindPointsGSLIB& E_finder;
-
-   /// ParticleSet of charged particles
-   std::unique_ptr<ParticleSet> charged_particles;
-
-   /// Temporary vectors for particle computation
-   mutable Vector pm_, pp_;
-
-public:
-   ParticleMover(MPI_Comm comm, ParGridFunction* E_gf_,
-                 FindPointsGSLIB& E_finder_, int num_particles,
-                 Ordering::Type pdata_ordering);
-
-   /// Initialize charged particles with given parameters
-   void InitializeChargedParticles(const real_t& k, const real_t& alpha,
-                                   real_t m, real_t q, real_t L,
-                                   bool reproduce = false);
-
-   /// Find Particles in mesh corresponding to E and field
-   void FindParticles();
-
-   /// Advance particles one time step using Boris algorithm
-   void Step(real_t& t, real_t dt, real_t L, bool first_step = false);
-
-   /// Redistribute particles across processors
-   void Redistribute();
-
-   /// Get reference to ParticleSet
-   ParticleSet& GetParticles() { return *charged_particles; }
-
-   /// Compute (global) kinetic energy from particles
-   /** Optionally, advance the particle momenta by time step @a dt. */
-   real_t ComputeKineticEnergy(real_t dt = 0.) const;
-};
-
-/** Field solver responsible for updating the electrostatic potential and field
-    from the particle charge density. Assembles and solves the periodic Poisson
-    problem, computes the electric field via a discrete gradient operator, and
-    provides utilities for field diagnostics (e.g. global field energy). */
-class FieldSolver
-{
-private:
-   real_t domain_volume;
-   real_t neutralizing_const;
-   ParLinearForm* precomputed_neutralizing_lf = nullptr;
-   bool precompute_neutralizing_const = false;
-   // Diffusion matrix
-   HypreParMatrix* diffusion_matrix;
-   // Gradient operator for computing E = -∇φ
-   ParDiscreteLinearOperator* grad_interpolator;
-   FindPointsGSLIB& E_finder;
-   ParLinearForm b;
-
-protected:
-   /** Compute neutralizing constant and initialize with the constant.
-       Returns a reference to the precomputed neutralizing ParLinearForm. */
-   const ParLinearForm& ComputeNeutralizingRHS(ParFiniteElementSpace* pfes,
-                                               const ParticleVector& Q,
-                                               MPI_Comm comm);
-
-   /** Deposit charge from particles into a ParLinearForm (RHS b).
-       b_i = sum_p q_p * φ_i(x_p) */
-   void DepositCharge(ParFiniteElementSpace* pfes, const ParticleVector& Q);
-
-public:
-   FieldSolver(ParFiniteElementSpace* phi_fes, ParFiniteElementSpace* E_fes,
-               FindPointsGSLIB& E_finder_,
-               bool precompute_neutralizing_const_ = false);
-
-   ~FieldSolver();
-
-   /** Update the phi_gf grid function from the particles.
-       Solve periodic Poisson: diffusion_matrix * phi = (rho - <rho>)
-       with zero-mean enforcement via OrthoSolver. */
-   void UpdatePhiGridFunction(ParticleSet& particles, ParGridFunction& phi_gf);
-
-   /** Update E_gf grid function from phi_gf grid function.
-       Compute the gradient: E = -∇φ. */
-   void UpdateEGridFunction(ParGridFunction& phi_gf, ParGridFunction& E_gf);
-
-   /// Compute (global) field energy: 0.5 * ∫ ||E||^2 dx
-   real_t ComputeFieldEnergy(const ParGridFunction& E_gf) const;
-};
-
-/// Prints the program's logo to the given output stream
-void display_banner(ostream& os);
-
-int main(int argc, char* argv[])
-{
-   Mpi::Init(argc, argv);
-   int num_ranks = Mpi::WorldSize();
-   int rank = Mpi::WorldRank();
-   Hypre::Init();
-
-   if (Mpi::Root()) { display_banner(cout); }
-
-   OptionsParser args(argc, argv);
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.dim, "-dim", "--dimension",
-                  "Spatial dimension (2 or 3)");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.order, "-O", "--order",
-                  "Finite element polynomial degree");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.nx, "-nx", "--num-x",
-                  "Number of elements in the x direction.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.ny, "-ny", "--num-y",
-                  "Number of elements in the y direction.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.nz, "-nz", "--num-z",
-                  "Number of elements in the z direction.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.q, "-q", "--charge", "Particle charge.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.m, "-m", "--mass", "Particle mass.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.dt, "-dt", "--time-step", "Time Step.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.nt, "-nt", "--num-timesteps", "Number of timesteps.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.npt, "-npt", "--num-particles",
-                  "Total number of particles.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.k, "-k", "--k", "Wave number for initial distribution.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.alpha, "-a", "--alpha",
-                  "Perturbation amplitude for initial distribution.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.ordering, "-o", "--ordering",
-                  "Ordering of particle data. 0 = byNODES, 1 = byVDIM.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.redist_interval, "-rdi", "--redist-interval",
-                  "Redistribution and update E_gf interval. Disabled if < 0.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.output_csv_interval, "-oci", "--output-csv-interval",
-                  "Output CSV interval. Disabled if < 0.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.visualization, "-vis", "--visualization", "-no-vis",
-                  "--no-visualization",
-                  "Enable or disable GLVis visualization.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.visport, "-p", "--send-port", "Socket for GLVis.");
-   args.AddOption(&ctx.reproduce, "-rep", "--reproduce", "-no-rep",
-                  "--no-reproduce",
-                  "Enable or disable reproducible random seed.");
-   args.Parse();
-   if (!args.Good())
-   {
-      if (Mpi::Root()) { args.PrintUsage(cout); }
-      return 1;
-   }
-   if (Mpi::Root()) { args.PrintOptions(cout); }
-
-   // Assert that dimension is 2 or 3
-   MFEM_VERIFY(ctx.dim == 2 || ctx.dim == 3,
-               "Dimension must be 2 or 3, got " << ctx.dim);
-   MFEM_VERIFY(ctx.alpha >= -1.0 && ctx.alpha < 1.0,
-               "Alpha should be in range [-1, 1).");
-   MFEM_VERIFY(ctx.k > 0.0,
-               "k must be nonzero for displacement initialization.");
-
-   ctx.L = 2.0 * M_PI / ctx.k;
-
-   // 1. make a Cartesian Mesh (2D or 3D)
-   Mesh serial_mesh;
-   std::vector<Vector> translations;
-
-   if (ctx.dim == 2)
-   {
-      serial_mesh = Mesh(Mesh::MakeCartesian2D(
-                            ctx.nx, ctx.ny, Element::QUADRILATERAL, false, ctx.L, ctx.L));
-      translations = {Vector({ctx.L, 0.0}), Vector({0.0, ctx.L})};
-   }
-   else  // ctx.dim == 3
-   {
-      serial_mesh = Mesh(Mesh::MakeCartesian3D(
-                            ctx.nx, ctx.ny, ctx.nz, Element::HEXAHEDRON, ctx.L, ctx.L, ctx.L));
-      translations = {Vector({ctx.L, 0.0, 0.0}), Vector({0.0, ctx.L, 0.0}),
-                      Vector({0.0, 0.0, ctx.L})
-                     };
-   }
-
-   Mesh periodic_mesh(Mesh::MakePeriodic(
-                         serial_mesh, serial_mesh.CreatePeriodicVertexMapping(translations)));
-   // 2. Partition and distribute the mesh
-   ParMesh mesh(MPI_COMM_WORLD, periodic_mesh);
-   serial_mesh.Clear();    // the serial mesh is no longer needed
-   periodic_mesh.Clear();  // the periodic mesh is no longer needed
-
-   // 3. Build the interpolator of E field
-   mesh.EnsureNodes();
-   FindPointsGSLIB E_finder(mesh);
-
-   // 4. Define finite element spaces on the parallel mesh
-   H1_FECollection phi_fec(ctx.order, ctx.dim);
-   ParFiniteElementSpace phi_fespace(&mesh, &phi_fec);
-   ND_FECollection E_fec(ctx.order, ctx.dim);
-   ParFiniteElementSpace E_fespace(&mesh, &E_fec);
-
-   // 5. Initialize the grid functions for the electric field and potential
-   ParGridFunction phi_gf(&phi_fespace);
-   ParGridFunction E_gf(&E_fespace);
-   phi_gf = 0.0;  // Initialize phi_gf to zero
-   E_gf = 0.0;    // Initialize E_gf to zero
-
-   // 6. Construct the field solver
-   FieldSolver field_solver(&phi_fespace, &E_fespace, E_finder, true);
-
-   // 7. Initialize ParticleMover
-   Ordering::Type ordering_type =
-      ctx.ordering == 0 ? Ordering::byNODES : Ordering::byVDIM;
-   int num_particles =
-      ctx.npt / num_ranks + (rank < (ctx.npt % num_ranks) ? 1 : 0);
-   ParticleMover particle_mover(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &E_gf, E_finder, num_particles,
-                                ordering_type);
-   particle_mover.InitializeChargedParticles(ctx.k, ctx.alpha, ctx.m, ctx.q,
-                                             ctx.L, ctx.reproduce);
-
-   // 8. Start the main loop
-   real_t t = 0;
-   real_t dt = ctx.dt;
-
-   mfem::StopWatch sw;
-   sw.Start();
-   for (int step = 1; step <= ctx.nt; step++)
-   {
-      // Step the FieldSolver
-      if (ctx.redist_interval > 0 &&
-          (step % ctx.redist_interval == 0 || step == 1) &&
-          particle_mover.GetParticles().GetGlobalNParticles() > 0)
-      {
-         // Redistribute
-         particle_mover.Redistribute();
-
-         // Update phi_gf from particles
-         field_solver.UpdatePhiGridFunction(particle_mover.GetParticles(),
-                                            phi_gf);
-         // Update E_gf from phi_gf
-         field_solver.UpdateEGridFunction(phi_gf, E_gf);
-
-         // Visualize fields if requested
-         if (ctx.visualization)
-         {
-            static socketstream vis_e, vis_phi;
-            common::VisualizeField(vis_e, "localhost", ctx.visport, E_gf,
-                                   "E_field", 0, 0, 500, 500);
-            common::VisualizeField(vis_phi, "localhost", ctx.visport, phi_gf,
-                                   "Potential", 500, 0, 500, 500);
-         }
-      }
-
-      // Step the ParticleMover
-      particle_mover.Step(t, dt, ctx.L, step == 1);
-      if (Mpi::Root())
-      {
-         mfem::out << "Step: " << step << " | Time: " << t;
-         mfem::out << " | Time per step: " << sw.RealTime() / step;
-         mfem::out << endl;
-      }
-      // Output particle data to CSV
-      if (ctx.output_csv_interval > 0 &&
-          (step % ctx.output_csv_interval == 0 || step == 1))
-      {
-         std::string csv_prefix = "PIC_Part_";
-         Array<int> field_idx{2}, tag_idx;
-         std::string file_name =
-            csv_prefix + mfem::to_padded_string(step, 6) + ".csv";
-         particle_mover.GetParticles().PrintCSV(file_name.c_str(), field_idx,
-                                                tag_idx);
-      }
-
-      if (ctx.redist_interval > 0 &&
-          (step % ctx.redist_interval == 0 || step == 1) &&
-          particle_mover.GetParticles().GetGlobalNParticles() > 0)
-      {
-         // Compute energies
-         // Note that particle momenta are a half time step ahead of the field
-         // after particle_mover.Step(). Therefore they are returned to the
-         // time level of the field for calculation of kinetic energy.
-         real_t kinetic_energy = particle_mover.ComputeKineticEnergy(-dt/2.);
-         real_t field_energy = field_solver.ComputeFieldEnergy(E_gf);
-
-         // Output energies
-         if (Mpi::Root())
-         {
-            cout << "Kinetic energy: " << kinetic_energy << "\t"
-                 << "Field energy: " << field_energy << "\t"
-                 << "Total energy: " << kinetic_energy + field_energy
-                 << endl;
-         }
-         // Write energies to a CSV file
-         if (Mpi::Root())
-         {
-            std::ofstream energy_file("energy.csv", std::ios::app);
-            energy_file << setprecision(10) << kinetic_energy << ","
-                        << field_energy << "," << kinetic_energy + field_energy
-                        << "\n";
-         }
-      }
-   }
-}
-
-ParticleMover::ParticleMover(MPI_Comm comm, ParGridFunction* E_gf_,
-                             FindPointsGSLIB& E_finder_, int num_particles,
-                             Ordering::Type pdata_ordering)
-   : E_gf(E_gf_), E_finder(E_finder_)
-{
-   MFEM_ASSERT(E_gf, "Must pass an E field to ParticleMover.");
-
-   int dim = E_gf->ParFESpace()->GetMesh()->SpaceDimension();
-
-   pm_.SetSize(dim);
-   pp_.SetSize(dim);
-
-   // Create particle set: 2 scalars of mass and charge,
-   // 2 vectors of size space dim for momentum and e field
-   Array<int> field_vdims({1, 1, dim, dim});
-   charged_particles = std::make_unique<ParticleSet>(
-                          comm, num_particles, dim, field_vdims, 1, pdata_ordering);
-}
-
-void ParticleMover::InitializeChargedParticles(const real_t& k,
-                                               const real_t& alpha, real_t m,
-                                               real_t q, real_t L,
-                                               bool reproduce)
-{
-   int rank;
-   MPI_Comm_rank(charged_particles->GetComm(), &rank);
-   // use time-based seed for randomness
-   std::mt19937 gen(
-      reproduce ? rank : (rank + static_cast<unsigned int>(time(nullptr))));
-   std::uniform_real_distribution<> real_dist(0.0, 1.0);
-   std::normal_distribution<> norm_dist(0.0, 1.0);
-
-   int dim = charged_particles->Coords().GetVDim();
-
-   ParticleVector& X = charged_particles->Coords();
-   ParticleVector& P = charged_particles->Field(ParticleMover::MOM);
-   ParticleVector& M = charged_particles->Field(ParticleMover::MASS);
-   ParticleVector& Q = charged_particles->Field(ParticleMover::CHARGE);
-
-   for (int i = 0; i < charged_particles->GetNParticles(); i++)
-   {
-      // Initialize momentum
-      for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) { P(i, d) = m * norm_dist(gen); }
-
-      // Uniform positions (no accept-reject)
-      for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) { X(i, d) = real_dist(gen) * L; }
-
-      // Displacement along x for perturbation ~ cos(k x)
-      for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++)
-      {
-         real_t x = X(i, d);
-         x -= (alpha / k) * std::sin(k * x);
-
-         // periodic wrap to [0, L)
-         x = std::fmod(x, L);
-         if (x < 0) { x += L; }
-
-         X(i, d) = x;
-      }
-
-      // Initialize mass + charge
-      M(i) = m;
-      Q(i) = q;
-   }
-   FindParticles();
-}
-
-void ParticleMover::FindParticles()
-{
-   E_finder.FindPoints(charged_particles->Coords());
-}
-
-void ParticleMover::Step(real_t& t, real_t dt, real_t L, bool first_step)
-{
-   // Update E field at particles
-   ParticleVector& E = charged_particles->Field(EFIELD);
-   E_finder.Interpolate(*E_gf, E, E.GetOrdering());
-
-   // Extract particle data
-   ParticleVector& X = charged_particles->Coords();
-   ParticleVector& P = charged_particles->Field(MOM);
-   ParticleVector& M = charged_particles->Field(MASS);
-   ParticleVector& Q = charged_particles->Field(CHARGE);
-
-   // Accelerate the particles by the electric field
-   const int npt = charged_particles->GetNParticles();
-   const int dim = X.GetVDim();
-
-   for (int particle = 0; particle < npt; ++particle)
-   {
-      for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d)
-      {
-         P(particle, d) +=
-            (first_step ? dt / 2.0 : dt) * Q(particle) * E(particle, d);
-      }
-   }
-
-   // Periodic boundary: wrap coordinates to [0, L)
-   for (int particle = 0; particle < npt; ++particle)
-   {
-      for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d)
-      {
-         X(particle, d) += dt / M(particle) * P(particle, d);
-         while (X(particle, d) > L) { X(particle, d) -= L; }
-         while (X(particle, d) < 0.0) { X(particle, d) += L; }
-      }
-   }
-
-   FindParticles();
-
-   // Update time
-   t += dt;
-}
-
-void ParticleMover::Redistribute()
-{
-   charged_particles->Redistribute(E_finder.GetProc());
-   FindParticles();
-}
-
-real_t ParticleMover::ComputeKineticEnergy(real_t dt) const
-{
-   const ParticleVector& P = charged_particles->Field(MOM);
-   const ParticleVector& M = charged_particles->Field(MASS);
-   const ParticleVector& Q = charged_particles->Field(CHARGE);
-   const ParticleVector& E = charged_particles->Field(EFIELD);
-
-   // Note the electric field is not reinterpolated here and the last
-   // update from Step() is used directly.
-
-   real_t kinetic_energy = 0.0;
-   for (int p = 0; p < charged_particles->GetNParticles(); ++p)
-   {
-      real_t p_square_p = 0.0;
-      for (int d = 0; d < P.GetVDim(); ++d)
-      {
-         const real_t P_m = P(p, d) + dt * Q(p) * E(p, d);
-         p_square_p += P_m * P_m;
-      }
-      kinetic_energy += 0.5 * p_square_p / M(p);
-   }
-
-   real_t global_kinetic_energy = 0.0;
-   MPI_Allreduce(&kinetic_energy, &global_kinetic_energy, 1, MPI_DOUBLE,
-                 MPI_SUM, charged_particles->GetComm());
-   return global_kinetic_energy;
-}
-
-FieldSolver::FieldSolver(ParFiniteElementSpace* phi_fes,
-                         ParFiniteElementSpace* E_fes,
-                         FindPointsGSLIB& E_finder_,
-                         bool precompute_neutralizing_const_)
-   : precompute_neutralizing_const(precompute_neutralizing_const_),
-     E_finder(E_finder_),
-     b(phi_fes)
-{
-   // compute domain volume
-   ParMesh* pmesh = phi_fes->GetParMesh();
-   real_t local_domain_volume = 0.0;
-   for (int i = 0; i < pmesh->GetNE(); i++)
-   {
-      local_domain_volume += pmesh->GetElementVolume(i);
-   }
-   MPI_Allreduce(&local_domain_volume, &domain_volume, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_SUM,
-                 phi_fes->GetParMesh()->GetComm());
-
-   {
-      // Par bilinear form for the gradgrad matrix
-      ParBilinearForm dm(phi_fes);
-      ConstantCoefficient epsilon(EPSILON);  // ε_0
-      dm.AddDomainIntegrator(
-         new DiffusionIntegrator(epsilon));  // ∫ ∇φ_i · ∇φ_j
-
-      dm.Assemble();
-      dm.Finalize();
-
-      diffusion_matrix = dm.ParallelAssemble();  // global gradgrad matrix
-   }
-
-   {
-      // Compute E = -∇φ using DiscreteLinearOperator
-      grad_interpolator = new ParDiscreteLinearOperator(phi_fes, E_fes);
-      grad_interpolator->AddDomainInterpolator(new GradientInterpolator);
-      grad_interpolator->Assemble();
-   }
-}
-
-FieldSolver::~FieldSolver()
-{
-   delete diffusion_matrix;
-   delete precomputed_neutralizing_lf;
-   delete grad_interpolator;
-}
-
-const ParLinearForm& FieldSolver::ComputeNeutralizingRHS(
-   ParFiniteElementSpace* pfes, const ParticleVector& Q, MPI_Comm comm)
-{
-   int npt = Q.Size();
-   // Get E_finder references
-   const Array<unsigned int>& code = E_finder.GetCode();
-
-   if (!precompute_neutralizing_const || precomputed_neutralizing_lf == nullptr)
-   {
-      // compute neutralizing constant
-      real_t local_sum = 0.0;
-      for (int p = 0; p < npt; ++p)
-      {
-         // Skip particles not successfully found
-         MFEM_ASSERT(code[p] != 2, "Particle " << p << " not found.");
-         local_sum += Q(p);
-      }
-
-      real_t global_sum = 0.0;
-      MPI_Allreduce(&local_sum, &global_sum, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_SUM, comm);
-
-      neutralizing_const = -global_sum / domain_volume;
-      if (Mpi::Root())
-      {
-         cout << "Total charge: " << global_sum
-              << ", Domain volume: " << domain_volume
-              << ", Neutralizing constant: " << neutralizing_const << endl;
-         if (precompute_neutralizing_const)
-         {
-            cout << "Further updates will use this precomputed neutralizing "
-                 "constant."
-                 << endl;
-         }
-      }
-      delete precomputed_neutralizing_lf;
-      precomputed_neutralizing_lf = new ParLinearForm(pfes);
-      *precomputed_neutralizing_lf = 0.0;
-      ConstantCoefficient neutralizing_coeff(neutralizing_const);
-      precomputed_neutralizing_lf->AddDomainIntegrator(
-         new DomainLFIntegrator(neutralizing_coeff));
-      precomputed_neutralizing_lf->Assemble();
-   }
-   return *precomputed_neutralizing_lf;
-}
-
-void FieldSolver::DepositCharge(ParFiniteElementSpace* pfes,
-                                const ParticleVector& Q)
-{
-   int npt = Q.Size();
-   ParMesh* pmesh = pfes->GetParMesh();
-   int dim = pmesh->SpaceDimension();
-   int curr_rank;
-   MPI_Comm_rank(pmesh->GetComm(), &curr_rank);
-
-   // Get E_finder references
-   // 0: inside, 1: boundary, 2: not found
-   const Array<unsigned int>& code = E_finder.GetCode();
-   const Array<unsigned int>& proc = E_finder.GetProc();  // owning MPI rank
-   const Array<unsigned int>& elem = E_finder.GetElem();  // local element id
-   const Vector& rref = E_finder.GetReferencePosition();  // (r,s,t) byVDIM
-
-   Array<int> dofs;
-
-   for (int p = 0; p < npt; ++p)
-   {
-      // Skip particles not successfully found
-      MFEM_ASSERT(code[p] != 2, "Particle " << p << " not found.");
-
-      // Assert particle is on the current rank
-      MFEM_ASSERT((int)proc[p] == curr_rank,
-                  "Particle " << p << " found in element owned by rank "
-                  << proc[p] << " but current rank is " << curr_rank
-                  << "." << endl
-                  << "You must call redistribute everytime before "
-                  "updating the density grid function.");
-      const int e = elem[p];
-
-      // Reference coordinates for this particle (r,s[,t]) with byVDIM layout
-      IntegrationPoint ip;
-      ip.Set(rref.GetData() + dim * p, dim);
-
-      const FiniteElement& fe = *pfes->GetFE(e);
-      const int ldofs = fe.GetDof();
-
-      Vector shape(ldofs);
-      fe.CalcShape(ip, shape);  // φ_i(x_p) in this element
-
-      pfes->GetElementDofs(e, dofs);  // local dof indices
-
-      const real_t q_p = Q(p);
-
-      // Add q_p * φ_i(x_p) to b_i
-      b.AddElementVector(dofs, q_p, shape);
-   }
-}
-
-void FieldSolver::UpdatePhiGridFunction(ParticleSet& particles,
-                                        ParGridFunction& phi_gf)
-{
-   // FE space / mesh
-   ParFiniteElementSpace* pfes = phi_gf.ParFESpace();
-
-   // Particle data: Q - charges (npt x 1)
-   ParticleVector& Q = particles.Field(ParticleMover::CHARGE);
-
-   // --------------------------------------------------------
-   // 1) Make RHS and pre-subtract averaged charge density for zero-mean RHS
-   // --------------------------------------------------------
-   MPI_Comm comm = pfes->GetComm();
-   b = ComputeNeutralizingRHS(pfes, Q, comm);
-
-   // --------------------------------------------------------
-   // 2) Deposit q_p * phi_i(x_p) into a ParLinearForm (RHS b)
-   //      b_i = sum_p q_p * φ_i(x_p)
-   // --------------------------------------------------------
-   DepositCharge(pfes, Q);
-
-   // Assemble to a global true-dof RHS vector compatible with MassMatrix
-   HypreParVector B(pfes);
-   b.ParallelAssemble(B);
-
-   // ------------------------------------------------------------------
-   // 3) Solve A * phi = B with zero-mean enforcement via OrthoSolver
-   // ------------------------------------------------------------------
-   phi_gf = 0.0;
-   HypreParVector Phi_true(pfes);
-   Phi_true = 0.0;
-
-   HyprePCG solver(diffusion_matrix->GetComm());
-   solver.SetOperator(*diffusion_matrix);
-   solver.SetTol(1e-12);
-   solver.SetMaxIter(200);
-   solver.SetPrintLevel(0);
-
-   HypreBoomerAMG prec(*diffusion_matrix);
-   prec.SetPrintLevel(0);
-   solver.SetPreconditioner(prec);
-
-   OrthoSolver ortho(comm);
-   ortho.SetSolver(solver);
-   ortho.Mult(B, Phi_true);
-
-   // Map true-dof solution back to the ParGridFunction
-   phi_gf.Distribute(Phi_true);
-}
-
-void FieldSolver::UpdateEGridFunction(ParGridFunction& phi_gf,
-                                      ParGridFunction& E_gf)
-{
-   // Compute ∇φ using precomputed gradient operator
-   grad_interpolator->Mult(phi_gf, E_gf);
-   // Scale by -1 to get E = -∇φ
-   E_gf.Neg();
-}
-
-real_t FieldSolver::ComputeFieldEnergy(const ParGridFunction& E_gf) const
-{
-   // ---- Field energy: 0.5 * ∫ ||E||^2 dx ----
-   const ParFiniteElementSpace* fes = E_gf.ParFESpace();
-   const ParMesh* pmesh = fes->GetParMesh();
-
-   const int order = fes->GetMaxElementOrder();
-   const int qorder = std::max(2, 2 * order + 1);
-
-   const IntegrationRule* irs[Geometry::NumGeom];
-   for (int g = 0; g < Geometry::NumGeom; g++)
-   {
-      irs[g] = &IntRules.Get(g, qorder);
-   }
-
-   real_t field_energy = 0.0;
-
-   Vector zero(pmesh->Dimension());
-   zero = 0.0;
-   VectorConstantCoefficient zero_vec(zero);
-
-   const real_t E_l2 = E_gf.ComputeL2Error(zero_vec, irs);
-   field_energy = 0.5 * EPSILON * E_l2 * E_l2;
-
-   return field_energy;
-}
-
-void display_banner(ostream& os)
-{
-   os << R"(
-      ██████╗░██╗░█████╗░
-      ██╔══██╗██║██╔══██╗
-      ██████╔╝██║██║░░╚═╝
-      ██╔═══╝░██║██║░░██╗
-      ██║░░░░░██║╚█████╔╝
-      ╚═╝░░░░░╚═╝░╚════╝░
-         )"
-      << endl
-      << flush;
-}
@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2010-2025, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. Produced
-# at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. All Rights reserved. See files
-# LICENSE and NOTICE for details. LLNL-CODE-806117.
-#
-# This file is part of the MFEM library. For more information and source code
-# availability visit https://mfem.org.
-#
-# MFEM is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
-# terms of the BSD-3 license. We welcome feedback and contributions, see file
-# CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
-
-# Use the MFEM build directory
-MFEM_DIR ?= ../../..
-MFEM_BUILD_DIR ?= ../../..
-MFEM_INSTALL_DIR ?= ../../../mfem
-SRC = $(if $(MFEM_DIR:../..=),$(MFEM_DIR)/miniapps/plasma/pic/,)
-CONFIG_MK = $(or $(wildcard $(MFEM_BUILD_DIR)/config/config.mk),\
-   $(wildcard $(MFEM_INSTALL_DIR)/share/mfem/config.mk))
-
-MFEM_LIB_FILE = mfem_is_not_built
-include $(CONFIG_MK)
-
-PAR_MINIAPPS =
-
-ifeq ($(MFEM_USE_GSLIB),YES)
-   PAR_MINIAPPS += electrostatic-pic
-endif
-
-ifeq ($(MFEM_USE_MPI),NO)
-   MINIAPPS =
-else
-   MINIAPPS = $(PAR_MINIAPPS)
-endif
-
-.SUFFIXES:
-.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp .mk
-.PHONY: all lib-common clean clean-build clean-exec
-.PRECIOUS: %.o
-
-COMMON_LIB = -L$(MFEM_BUILD_DIR)/miniapps/common -lmfem-common
-
-# If MFEM_SHARED is set, add the ../common rpath
-COMMON_LIB += $(if $(MFEM_SHARED:YES=),,\
-   $(MFEM_XLINKER)-rpath,$(abspath $(MFEM_BUILD_DIR)/miniapps/common))
-
-# Remove built-in rules
-%: %.cpp
-%.o: %.cpp
-
-all: $(MINIAPPS)
-
-# Rules for building the miniapps
-electrostatic-pic: electrostatic-pic.cpp $(MFEM_LIB_FILE) $(CONFIG_MK) | lib-common
-	$(MFEM_CXX) $(MFEM_FLAGS) -c $<
-	$(MFEM_CXX) $(MFEM_LINK_FLAGS) -o $@ $@.o $(COMMON_LIB) $(MFEM_LIBS)
-
-# Rule for building lib-common
-lib-common:
-	$(MAKE) -C $(MFEM_BUILD_DIR)/miniapps/common
-
-
-MFEM_TESTS = MINIAPPS
-include $(MFEM_TEST_MK)
-
-# Testing: "test" target and mfem-test* variables are defined in config/test.mk
-
-# Testing: Specific execution options
-RUN_MPI = $(MFEM_MPIEXEC) $(MFEM_MPIEXEC_NP) $(MFEM_MPI_NP)
-electrostatic-pic-test-par: electrostatic-pic
-	@$(call mfem-test,$<, $(RUN_MPI), PIC miniapp,\
-		-rdi 2 -npt 40960 -k 0.2855993321 -a 0.05 -nt 200 -nx 16 -ny 16\
-		-O 1 -q 0.01181640625 -m 0.01181640625 -oci 1000 -dt 0.1)
-
-# Generate an error message if the MFEM library is not built and exit
-$(MFEM_LIB_FILE):
-	$(error The MFEM library is not built)
-
-clean: clean-build clean-exec
-
-clean-build:
-	rm -f *.o *~ $(SEQ_MINIAPPS) $(PAR_MINIAPPS)
-	rm -rf *.dSYM *.TVD.*breakpoints
-
-clean-exec:
-	@rm -rf electrostatic-pic_* *.csv energy.csv
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2010-2025, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. Produced
-// at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. All Rights reserved. See files
-// LICENSE and NOTICE for details. LLNL-CODE-806117.
-//
-// This file is part of the MFEM library. For more information and source code
-// availability visit https://mfem.org.
-//
-// MFEM is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
-// terms of the BSD-3 license. We welcome feedback and contributions, see file
-// CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
-
-#ifndef MFEM_PLASMA_HPP
-#define MFEM_PLASMA_HPP
-
-#include <cmath>
-#include <complex>
-
-namespace mfem
-{
-
-namespace plasma
-{
-
-// Physical Constants
-
-// Permittivity of Free Space (units F/m)
-static const real_t epsilon0_ = 8.8541878176e-12;
-
-// Permeability of Free Space (units H/m)
-static const real_t mu0_ = 4.0e-7 * M_PI;
-
-// Speed of light in Free Space (units m/s)
-static const real_t c0_ = 1.0 / sqrt(epsilon0_ * mu0_);
-
-// Impedance of Free Space (units Ohm)
-static const real_t Z0_ = sqrt(mu0_ / epsilon0_);
-
-static const real_t q_     = 1.602176634e-19; // Elementary charge in coulombs
-static const real_t eV_    = 1.602176634e-19; // 1 eV in Joules
-static const real_t amu_   = 1.660539040e-27; // Atomic mass unit in kilograms
-static const real_t me_kg_ = 9.10938356e-31;  // Mass of electron in kilograms
-static const real_t me_u_  = 5.4857990907e-4; // Mass of electron in a.m.u
-
-/**
-   Returns the cyclotron frequency in radians/second
-   m is the mass in a.m.u
-   q is the charge in units of elementary electric charge
-   B is the magnetic field magnitude in tesla
- */
-inline real_t cyclotronFrequency(real_t B, real_t m, real_t q)
-{
-   return fabs(q * q_ * B / (m * amu_));
-}
-
-typedef std::complex<real_t> complex_t;
-
-} // namespace plasma
-
-} // namespace mfem
-
-#endif // MFEM_PLASMA_HPP
-
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@
 // (2) Dzanic et al., "A method for bounding high-order finite element
 //     functions: Applications to mesh validity and bounds-preserving limiters".
 //
-// We also use a recursive subdivision strategy to compute tighter estimate of
-// the function extremum.
 //
 // Compile with: make gridfunction-bounds
 //
@@ -33,6 +31,9 @@
 //  mpirun -np 4 gridfunction-bounds -nb 100 -ref 5 -bt 2 -l2

 #include "mfem.hpp"
+#include <memory>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>

 using namespace mfem;
 using namespace std;
@@ -55,8 +56,6 @@ int main (int argc, char *argv[])
   int  b_type           = -1;
   bool continuous       = true;
   int  nbrute           = 0;
-   int  rec_depth        = 4;
-   real_t rel_tol        = 1e-4;

   // Parse command-line options.
   OptionsParser args(argc, argv);
@@ -84,12 +83,6 @@ int main (int argc, char *argv[])
   args.AddOption(&nbrute, "-nb", "--nbrute",
                  "Brute force search for minimum in an array of nxnxn points "
                  "in each element.");
-   args.AddOption(&rec_depth, "-rd", "--rec-depth",
-                  "Maximum depth for recursive subdivision to compute function "
-                  "extremum.");
-   args.AddOption(&rel_tol, "-rt", "--rel-tol",
-                  "Relative tolerance for termination of recursive "
-                  "subdivision.");
   args.ParseCheck();

   Mesh mesh(mesh_file, 1, 1, false);
@@ -158,19 +151,7 @@ int main (int argc, char *argv[])
   ParGridFunction lowerb(&fes_pc), upperb(&fes_pc);

   // Compute bounds
-   PLBound plb = pfunc_proj->GetElementBounds(lowerb, upperb, ref);
-
-   // Compute minimum and maximum bounds via recursion
-   Vector bound_rec_min(vdim), bound_rec_max(vdim);
-   for (int d = 0; d < vdim; d++)
-   {
-      auto min_interval = pfunc_proj->EstimateFunctionMinimum(d, plb, rec_depth,
-                                                              rel_tol);
-      auto max_interval = pfunc_proj->EstimateFunctionMaximum(d, plb, rec_depth,
-                                                              rel_tol);
-      bound_rec_min(d) = min_interval.first;
-      bound_rec_max(d) = max_interval.second;
-   }
+   pfunc_proj->GetElementBounds(lowerb, upperb, ref);

   Vector bound_min(vdim), bound_max(vdim);
   for (int d = 0; d < vdim; d++)
@@ -255,31 +236,17 @@ int main (int argc, char *argv[])
      {
         for (int d = 0; d < vdim; d++)
         {
-            cout << "Compare function extremum for component " <<
+            cout << "Brute force and bounding comparison for component " <<
                 d << endl;
-            constexpr int w = 20;
-            cout << left << setw(w) << " "
-                 << setw(w)  << "Brute force"
-                 << setw(w) << "PL Bound"
-                 << setw(w) << "PL Bound + recursion" << endl
-                 << left << setw(w) << "Minimum: "
-                 << setw(w) << global_min(d)
-                 << setw(w) << bound_min(d)
-                 << setw(w) << bound_rec_min(d) << endl
-                 << left << setw(w) << "Difference: "
-                 << setw(w) << "-"
-                 << setw(w) << global_min(d)-bound_min(d)
-                 << setw(w) << global_min(d)-bound_rec_min(d) << endl;
-            cout << endl
-                 << left << setw(w) << "Maximum: "
-                 << setw(w) << global_max(d)
-                 << setw(w) << bound_max(d)
-                 << setw(w) << bound_rec_max(d) << endl
-                 << left << setw(w) << "Difference: "
-                 << setw(w) << "-"
-                 << setw(w) << bound_max(d)-global_max(d)
-                 << setw(w) << bound_rec_max(d)-global_max(d) << endl;
-            cout << endl;
+            cout << "Brute force minimum and minimum bound: " << global_min(d)
+                 << " " <<  bound_min(d) << endl;
+
+            cout << "Brute force maximum and maximum bound: " << global_max(d)
+                 << " " <<  bound_max(d) << endl;
+
+            cout << "The difference in bounds is: " <<
+                 global_min(d)-bound_min(d) << " " <<
+                 bound_max(d)-global_max(d) << endl;
         }
      }
   }
@@ -288,19 +255,10 @@ int main (int argc, char *argv[])
   {
      for (int d = 0; d < vdim; d++)
      {
-         cout << "Compare function extremum for component " <<
-              d << endl;
-         constexpr int w = 20;
-         cout << left << setw(w) << " "
-              << setw(w) << "PL Bound"
-              << setw(w) << "PL Bound + recursion" << endl
-              << left << setw(w) << "Minimum: "
-              << setw(w) << bound_min(d)
-              << setw(w) << bound_rec_min(d) << endl;
-         cout << endl
-              << left << setw(w) << "Maximum: "
-              << setw(w) << bound_max(d)
-              << setw(w) << bound_rec_max(d) << endl;
+         cout << "Minimum bound for component " << d << " is " <<
+              bound_min(d) << endl;
+         cout << "Maximum bound for component " << d << " is " <<
+              bound_max(d) << endl;
      }
   }

@@ -71,12 +71,10 @@ set(UNIT_TESTS_SRCS
  linalg/test_ode2.cpp
  linalg/test_operator.cpp
  linalg/test_particlevector.cpp
-  linalg/test_petsc_nonlinear.cpp
  linalg/test_sparsesmoothers.cpp
  linalg/test_vector.cpp
  mesh/mesh_test_utils.cpp
  mesh/test_exodus_reader.cpp
-  mesh/test_mfem_mesh_reader.cpp
  mesh/test_exodus_writer.cpp
  mesh/test_face_orientations.cpp
  mesh/test_fms.cpp
@@ -122,7 +120,6 @@ set(UNIT_TESTS_SRCS
  fem/test_fe_pos.cpp
  fem/test_fe_symmetry.cpp
  fem/test_fe.cpp
-  fem/test_fespace_get_ess_true_dofs.cpp
  fem/test_get_value.cpp
  fem/test_getderivative.cpp
  fem/test_getgradient.cpp
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
bslazarov	c01a9cb623	style	2026-02-10 12:48:56 -08:00
Mathias Rainer Schmidt	007183c70a	Merge branch 'master' into eigenSolverInterface	2026-02-10 10:47:01 -08:00
Mathias Rainer Schmidt	0e63fc90e3	Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/mfem/mfem	2026-02-10 10:46:20 -08:00
Mathias Rainer Schmidt	06cb917637	- added comments to slepc interaface class	2026-02-10 10:45:28 -08:00
Mathias Rainer Schmidt	db97637c09	- minor changed to address PR	2026-02-03 22:40:04 -08:00
Mathias Rainer Schmidt	cbaf930388	- minor changes for PR	2026-02-02 23:34:11 -08:00
blaz	b53dd0fea1	Set he number of eigenmodes in the bas class	2026-01-26 10:45:18 -08:00
blaz	acf167ed86	resize the eigenvalue array	2026-01-25 23:01:32 -08:00
blaz	8a8ac07910	cleaner code and style	2026-01-25 22:38:31 -08:00
Mathias Rainer Schmidt	c2d5eed541	Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/mfem/mfem	2026-01-13 15:19:05 -08:00
Mathias Rainer Schmidt	f8e71cf89c	- initial commit for eigen sovler interface	2026-01-13 15:18:35 -08:00